Osteoporosis: an review on management
Abstract
The elderly population is frequently affected by osteoporosis. It is typically diagnosed only after a person has experienced a fracture. Reduced bone strength in osteoporosis raises the chance of breaking a bone. It is the most frequent cause of fractures in the elderly. The hip, forearm, and back bones are among the bones that break most frequently. Usually, there are no symptoms until a broken bone happens. Bones can deteriorate to the point where they can break spontaneously or under light stress. After a broken bone, there may be chronic pain and a diminished capacity to perform daily tasks. A decline in bone mass and density, which can raise the risk of fracture, is the hallmark of osteoporosis, a progressive bone disease. The amount and variety of proteins in bone are changed, bone microarchitecture deteriorates, and bone mineral density (BMD) decreases in osteoporosis.
Keywords:
Osteoporosis, Screening, Therapeutic strategies, Pharmacological treatments, Bone mineral density
References
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8. Norman AW, Nemere I, Zhou Lx, et al. 1,25(OH)2D3, a steroid hormone that produces biological effects via both genomic and nongenomic pathways. Steroid BiochemMol Biol. 1992;41:231–240.
9. Montero-Odasso M, Duque G. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:203–219.
10. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21:1121–1132.
11. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA, et al. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intake in the United States. J Nutr. 2010;140:817–822.
12. Gallagher JC, Sai AJ. Vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency, and bone health. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 2010;95:2630–2633.
13. Carnevale V, Modoni S, Pileri M, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D status in healthy subjects from southern Italy: seasonal and gender differences. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:1026–1030.
14. Van der Wielen RPJ, Lowik MRH, Van der Berg H, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet. 1995;345:207–210.
15. Adami S, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, et al. Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Reumatismo. 2011;63:129–147.
16. Sirola J, Kroger H. Similarities in acquired factors Related to post-menopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia. J Osteoporos. 2011;2011:536735.
17. Paterson DH, Warburton DER. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int J BehavNutrPhys Act. 2010;7:38.
18. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:23–57.
19. Adami S, Bianchi G, Brandi ML, et al. Validation and further development of the WHO 10-year fracture risk assessment tool in Italian postmenopausal women: project rationale and description. ClinExpRheumatol. 2010;28:561–570.
20. Varenna M, Bertoldo F, Di Monaco M, et al. Safety profile of drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis: a systematical review of the literature. Reumatismo. 2013;4:143–166.
21. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. Eur Spine J. 2003;12:142–146.
22. Briesacher BA, Andrade SE, Harrold LR, et al. Adoption of once-monthly oral bisphosphonates and the impact on adherence. Am J Med. 2010;123:275–280.
23. Cryer B, Miller P, Petruschke RA, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tolerability of once weekly alendronate 70 mg with concomitant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2005;21:599–607.
24. Greenspan S, Field-Munves E, Tonino R, et al. Tolerability of once-weekly alendronate in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:1044–52.
25. Eisman JA, Rizzoli R, Roman-Ivorra J, et al. Upper gastrointestinal and overall tolerability of alendronate once weekly in patients with osteoporosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:699–705.
26. Bobba RS, Beattie K, Parkinson B, et al. Tolerability of different dosing regimens of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis and malignant bone disease. Drug Saf. 2006;29:1133–1152.
27. Cadarette SM, Katz JN, Brookhart MA, et al. Comparative gastrointestinal safety of weekly oral bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1735–1747.
28. Rosen CJ, Hochberg MC, Bonnick SL, et al. Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:141–151.
29. Adami S, Bhalla AK, Dorizzi R, et al. The acute-phase response after bisphoshonate administration. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987;41:326–33.
30. Wark JD, Bensen W, Recknor C, et al. Treatment with acetaminophen/paracetamol or ibuprofen alleviates post-dose symptoms related to intravenous infusion with zoledronic acid 5 mg. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:503–12.
31. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures in patients treated with aledronate: a register-based national cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1095–1102.
32. Somford MP, Draijer FW, Thomassen BJ, et al. Bilateral fractures of the femur diaphysis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term treatment with alendronate: clues to the mechanism of increases bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1736–1740.
33. Goh SK, Yang KJ, Koh JS, et al. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg B. 2007;89:349–353.
34. Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, et al. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fracturs: a long term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008;39:224–231.
35. Lenart BA, Lorich DG, Lane JM. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Eng J Med. 2008;358:1304–1306.
36. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809–1822.
37. Heckbert SR, Li G, Cummings SR, Smith NL, et al. Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Arch Int Med. 2008;168:826–831.
38. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Brixen K. Atrial fibrillation in fracture patients treated with oral bisphosphonates. J Intern Med. 2009;265:581–592.
39. Bunch TJ, Anderson L, May HT, et al. Relation of bisphosphonate therapies and risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:824–828.
40. Sørensen HT, Christensen S, Mehnert F, et al. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2008;336:813–816.
41. Wolfe F, Bolster MB, O’Connor CM, et al. Bisphosphonate use is associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:984–991.
42. Yarom N, Yahalom R, Shoshani Y, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by orally administered bisphosphonates: incidence, clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment outcome. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:1363–70.
43. Reid IR, Cornish J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;8:90–96.
44. Kyrgidis A, Vahtsevanos K, Koloutsos G. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a case-control study of risk factors in breast cancer patients. J ClinOncol. 2008;26:4634–4638.
45. Filleul O, Crompot E, Saussez S. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 2,400 patient cases. J Cancer Res ClinOncol. 2010;136:1117–1124.
46. Bock O, Boerst H, Thomasius FE, et al. Common musculoskeletal adverse effects of oral treatment with once weekly alendronate and risedronate in patients with osteoporosis and ways for their prevention. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007;7:144–148.
47. Caplan L, Pittman CB, Zeringue AL, et al. An observational study of musculoskeletal pain among patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:341–348.
48. Fietta P, Manganelli P, Lodigiani L. Clodronate induced uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:378.
49. Brinkmeier T, Kugler K, Lepoittevin JP, et al. Adverse cutaneous drug reaction to alendronate. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57:123–125.
50. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2007;115:846–854.
51. 51.Fosamax (alendronate sodium) prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck; 2016.
52. 52 Actonel (risedronate sodium) prescribing information. Rockaway, New Jersey: Warner Chilcott, LLC; 2015
53. Boniva tablets (ibandronate) prescribing information. South San Francisco, California: Genentech USA, Inc; 2016
2. Mohammed ZA, Almeshal MA, Aldawsari SA, Alanazi MA, Alanazi AD, Alqahtani FA, et al. Prevalence of fracture and osteoporosis and awareness of osteoporosis among general population of Majmaah City in 2013. Indo Am JP Sci. 2019;357-61.
3. SocietàItalianadell’Osteoporosi, delMetabolismominerale e delleMalattiedelloScheletro (SIOMMMS) Lineeguida per la diagnosi, prevenzione e terapiaosteoporosi. 2012.
4. Akesson K. New approaches to pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:657–664.
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. 2013. [Accessed January 9, 2014]. Available at: http://www.sur-geongeneral.gov/library/reports/bonehealth/
6. Sourbiielle JC, Prié D, Courbebaisse M, et al. Update on vitamin D and evaluation of Vitamin D. Ann Endocrinol. 2008;69:501–510.
7. Holick MF. Vitamin D: the underappreciate D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. CurrOpinEndocrinol Diabetes. 2002;9:87–98.
8. Norman AW, Nemere I, Zhou Lx, et al. 1,25(OH)2D3, a steroid hormone that produces biological effects via both genomic and nongenomic pathways. Steroid BiochemMol Biol. 1992;41:231–240.
9. Montero-Odasso M, Duque G. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:203–219.
10. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21:1121–1132.
11. Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Goldman JA, et al. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intake in the United States. J Nutr. 2010;140:817–822.
12. Gallagher JC, Sai AJ. Vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency, and bone health. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 2010;95:2630–2633.
13. Carnevale V, Modoni S, Pileri M, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D status in healthy subjects from southern Italy: seasonal and gender differences. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:1026–1030.
14. Van der Wielen RPJ, Lowik MRH, Van der Berg H, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet. 1995;345:207–210.
15. Adami S, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, et al. Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Reumatismo. 2011;63:129–147.
16. Sirola J, Kroger H. Similarities in acquired factors Related to post-menopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia. J Osteoporos. 2011;2011:536735.
17. Paterson DH, Warburton DER. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int J BehavNutrPhys Act. 2010;7:38.
18. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:23–57.
19. Adami S, Bianchi G, Brandi ML, et al. Validation and further development of the WHO 10-year fracture risk assessment tool in Italian postmenopausal women: project rationale and description. ClinExpRheumatol. 2010;28:561–570.
20. Varenna M, Bertoldo F, Di Monaco M, et al. Safety profile of drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis: a systematical review of the literature. Reumatismo. 2013;4:143–166.
21. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. Eur Spine J. 2003;12:142–146.
22. Briesacher BA, Andrade SE, Harrold LR, et al. Adoption of once-monthly oral bisphosphonates and the impact on adherence. Am J Med. 2010;123:275–280.
23. Cryer B, Miller P, Petruschke RA, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tolerability of once weekly alendronate 70 mg with concomitant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2005;21:599–607.
24. Greenspan S, Field-Munves E, Tonino R, et al. Tolerability of once-weekly alendronate in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:1044–52.
25. Eisman JA, Rizzoli R, Roman-Ivorra J, et al. Upper gastrointestinal and overall tolerability of alendronate once weekly in patients with osteoporosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:699–705.
26. Bobba RS, Beattie K, Parkinson B, et al. Tolerability of different dosing regimens of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis and malignant bone disease. Drug Saf. 2006;29:1133–1152.
27. Cadarette SM, Katz JN, Brookhart MA, et al. Comparative gastrointestinal safety of weekly oral bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1735–1747.
28. Rosen CJ, Hochberg MC, Bonnick SL, et al. Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:141–151.
29. Adami S, Bhalla AK, Dorizzi R, et al. The acute-phase response after bisphoshonate administration. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987;41:326–33.
30. Wark JD, Bensen W, Recknor C, et al. Treatment with acetaminophen/paracetamol or ibuprofen alleviates post-dose symptoms related to intravenous infusion with zoledronic acid 5 mg. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:503–12.
31. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures in patients treated with aledronate: a register-based national cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1095–1102.
32. Somford MP, Draijer FW, Thomassen BJ, et al. Bilateral fractures of the femur diaphysis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term treatment with alendronate: clues to the mechanism of increases bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1736–1740.
33. Goh SK, Yang KJ, Koh JS, et al. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg B. 2007;89:349–353.
34. Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, et al. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fracturs: a long term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008;39:224–231.
35. Lenart BA, Lorich DG, Lane JM. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Eng J Med. 2008;358:1304–1306.
36. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809–1822.
37. Heckbert SR, Li G, Cummings SR, Smith NL, et al. Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Arch Int Med. 2008;168:826–831.
38. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Brixen K. Atrial fibrillation in fracture patients treated with oral bisphosphonates. J Intern Med. 2009;265:581–592.
39. Bunch TJ, Anderson L, May HT, et al. Relation of bisphosphonate therapies and risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:824–828.
40. Sørensen HT, Christensen S, Mehnert F, et al. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2008;336:813–816.
41. Wolfe F, Bolster MB, O’Connor CM, et al. Bisphosphonate use is associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:984–991.
42. Yarom N, Yahalom R, Shoshani Y, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by orally administered bisphosphonates: incidence, clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment outcome. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:1363–70.
43. Reid IR, Cornish J. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the jaw. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;8:90–96.
44. Kyrgidis A, Vahtsevanos K, Koloutsos G. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a case-control study of risk factors in breast cancer patients. J ClinOncol. 2008;26:4634–4638.
45. Filleul O, Crompot E, Saussez S. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 2,400 patient cases. J Cancer Res ClinOncol. 2010;136:1117–1124.
46. Bock O, Boerst H, Thomasius FE, et al. Common musculoskeletal adverse effects of oral treatment with once weekly alendronate and risedronate in patients with osteoporosis and ways for their prevention. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007;7:144–148.
47. Caplan L, Pittman CB, Zeringue AL, et al. An observational study of musculoskeletal pain among patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:341–348.
48. Fietta P, Manganelli P, Lodigiani L. Clodronate induced uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:378.
49. Brinkmeier T, Kugler K, Lepoittevin JP, et al. Adverse cutaneous drug reaction to alendronate. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57:123–125.
50. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2007;115:846–854.
51. 51.Fosamax (alendronate sodium) prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck; 2016.
52. 52 Actonel (risedronate sodium) prescribing information. Rockaway, New Jersey: Warner Chilcott, LLC; 2015
53. Boniva tablets (ibandronate) prescribing information. South San Francisco, California: Genentech USA, Inc; 2016
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31/12/2024
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Kaur, L., Singh, A. P., & Singh, A. P. (2024). Osteoporosis: an review on management. The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.37022/tjmdr.v4i3.646
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