The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

CONCEPTS OF NANO EMULSION BASED DELIVERY SYSTEM

2026-06-06T15:45:05+0530

Nanoemulsions are advanced colloidal drug delivery systems consisting of two immiscible liquids stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, with droplet sizes typically ranging from 20 to 200 nm. Their nanoscale dimensions provide a large interfacial surface area, resulting in improved drug solubilization, enhanced stability, and increased bioavailability compared with conventional emulsions. Nanoemulsions have emerged as promising carriers for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, particularly Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV compounds. These systems enhance drug absorption, facilitate lymphatic transport, reduce first-pass metabolism, and improve therapeutic efficacy in oral, topical, and other delivery routes. This review highlights the fundamental principles of nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems, including their classification into oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and bicontinuous nanoemulsions. The role of formulation components such as oils, surfactants, co-surfactants, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values in achieving optimal stability and performance is discussed. Various preparation techniques, including high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, microfluidization, spontaneous emulsification, and phase inversion methods, are reviewed with respect to their advantages and limitations. The significance of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams in formulation optimization and nanoemulsion region identification is also addressed. Furthermore, key characterization parameters such as droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, viscosity, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and stability studies are summarized. Overall, nanoemulsions represent a versatile and effective platform for enhancing drug delivery and improving therapeutic outcomes in modern pharmaceutical applications.

PHARMACEUTICAL STRATEGIES IN ORPHAN DRUG DEVELOPMENT

2026-06-06T16:14:42+0530

Pharmaceutical medicines known as orphan medications are created to treat uncommon illnesses that only a small percentage of people have and frequently have no proven treatments. Only a small number of licensed treatments are accessible despite the rising prevalence of rare diseases worldwide, mostly because of financial, regulatory, and scientific obstacles. With an emphasis on developing therapeutic modalities, technological breakthroughs, and regulatory frameworks, this paper offers a thorough analysis of orphan drug development. Treatment options for formerly untreatable uncommon diseases have increased due to recent trends showing a diversity of pharmacological modalities, including small molecules, gene and cell therapies, nucleic acid-based medicines, monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic proteins. Orphan drug approvals in the US have been greatly sped by regulatory incentives like the Orphan Drug Act, and development has been further aided by changing trial designs like n-of-one and expedited review procedures

EMERGING PROTIEN AND GENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY STAGE OF OVARIAN CANCER

2026-06-06T16:47:21+0530

Ovarian cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, largely due to its asymptomatic nature during early stages and late clinical detection. Standard treatment approaches, including surgical tumor debulking followed by systemic chemotherapy, often face limitations because a significant proportion of patients eventually develop chemoresistance, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes and reduced survival rates. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify reliable biomarkers that can improve early detection, predict disease progression, and guide therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on both established and emerging predictive biomarkers associated with ovarian cancer. It highlights commonly used diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers such as CA125, HE4, osteopontin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, while also discussing novel candidates including tumor mutation burden markers, DNA repair pathway components, and cell cycle regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review outlines advanced molecular and genomic technologies utilized in biomarker discovery, including transcription profiling, microRNA analysis, and whole genome approaches. These technologies contribute to a better understanding of ovarian cancer heterogeneity and molecular signaling pathways. Identifying and validating predictive biomarkers can enhance early diagnosis, facilitate personalized treatment, and improve patient prognosis, thereby offering promising prospects for more effective ovarian cancer management.

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: FROM HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY TO NEXT – GENERATION THERAPEUTIC INNOVATIONS.

2026-06-06T17:48:37+0530

Immunoglobulin derivatives which are derived from the monoclonal cell line and which offers a wide range of specificity are the monoclonal antibodies. They are specially produced by the hybridoma technology by the fusion of B-cells with the immortal myeloma cells in presence of PEG. Humanized mAbs are considered to be the fastest growing group in clinical trials. After development, these mAbs undergoes analytical evaluation for their efficient characterization. Developed hybridomas can be preserved for long term use through the cryopreservation techniques. Monoclonal antibodies can be delivered for the therapeutic purpose through the various systemic and non-systemic routes. Large groups of the antibodies are found to be very effective through the oral routes and the ophthalmic routes. Besides the therapeutic application for the treatment of various infectious and autoimmune diseases, these groups of therapeutics show different limitations. Monoclonal antibodies after development suffers from the stability issues and using the various techniques, the stability can be increased. With the advancement of science and technology, we can observe various advances in the monoclonal antibody development like brain targeting is possible through the antibody engineering techniques. Variability and control challenges in the serum based acquisitions, consumption of time, difficulty in the development, potential limitation in the sequence and epitope diversity etc. are some of the challenges associated with the monoclonal antibodies

POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES IN MODERN OPTHALMIC FORMULATION

2026-06-06T17:43:40+0530

Ophthalmic drug delivery presents significant therapeutic challenges due to anatomical and physiological barriers that restrict drug penetration into ocular tissues. Conventional dosage forms such as eye drops and ointments exhibit limited drug retention and rapid precorneal elimination, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have emerged as promising approaches to enhance ocular drug bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness through improved drug penetration and targeted delivery. Nanocarriers including dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanofibers enable sustained drug release and protection of therapeutic agents from degradation. Nanomedicine-based systems also provide improved ocular penetration, reduced dosing frequency, and minimized toxicity, thereby enhancing patient compliance.

FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM CURRENT TRENDS, CHALLEGE AND

2026-06-06T18:14:51+0530

The floating drug delivery system FDDS remains buoyant upon contact with gastric fluids, thereby improving the bioavailability of drugs intended for absorption in the upper small intestine. Immediate floating capability is only attainable when the components of the device are characterized by low density in their initial state. This review encompasses both in vitro methodologies and in vivo research investigations that are utilized by researchers to evaluate floating systems. Floating dosage forms can be administered in traditional formats such as tablets and capsules, supplemented with appropriate ingredients and a gas-generating agent. The review elucidates the techniques for creating floating systems, which include evaluation and characterization methods for pharmaceutical dosage forms via FDDS, while also detailing classification systems and all established as well as emerging techniques employed in the development of floating dosage forms. The review elucidates the techniques for creating floating systems, which include evaluation and characterization methods for pharmaceutical dosage forms via FDDS, while also detailing classification systems and all established as well as emerging techniques employed in the development of floating dosage forms.