Spectrophotometric determination of trifluoperazine hydrochloride drug in pure and pharmaceutical formulations using potassium permanganate
Abstract
It is known that creating and documenting an analytical method for analytes of pharmaceutical compounds/drugs is challenging, often time consuming sometimes leads to unexpected problems. Of the several methods, certain spectrophotometric approaches are more helpful in dealing with these challenges. This study continues to develop a simple and rapid visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of trifluoperazine hydrochloride, which is a phenothiazine-derived drug (in its pure form as well as in the pharmaceutical formulation), based on its reaction with potassium permanganate. The ideal circumstances, such as the influence of pH, optimal ion concentration and volume, time, temperature, and addition sequences, have also been systematically studied. The findings showed that the Beer-Lambert law was verified between 5 and 80 μg/mL. In addition, the colored product showed good stability, exhibiting maximum absorbance after 5 min. In particular, the spectrophotometric method used has also demonstrated remarkable specificity with a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.125 μg/mL and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) equal to 0.418 μg/mL.
Keywords:
Spectrophotometric determination, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, UV-visible, potassium permanganate
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References
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3. Suman M, Rao CN. Spectrophotometric Determination of Drugs. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2015.
4. Morgan EM, Fayez YM, Boltia SA, Obaydo RH, Abdelkawy M, Lotfy HM. ChlorTox scale assessment, greenness, and whiteness evaluation of selective spectrophotometric analysis of dimenhydrinate and cinnarizine. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024;321:124740.
5. Görög S. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry in pharmaceutical analysis. CRC press; 2018.
6. Salah Nasr M, Al-Rufaie MM. UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Triflupromazine Hydrochloride using Cerium (IV) Ammonium Nitrate in Pure and Pharmaceutical Forms. Methods Objects Chem Anal Obekty Him Anal 2025;20(2).
7. Charles CT. Phenothiazines induce abortive autophagy leading to cancer cell death. 2012;
8. Jaszczyszyn A, Gąsiorowski K, Świątek P, Malinka W, Cieślik-Boczula K, Petrus J, Czarnik-Matusewicz B. Chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological activity. Pharmacol Reports 2012;64(1):16–23.
9. Saad AS, Mohamed MA, Koshek SH, El-Ghobashy MR. Assessment of the oxidative degradation pathway for trifluoperazine hydrochloride and isopropamide iodide through a validated spe-HPLC methods and application in human plasma. Int J Appl Pharm Biol Res 2017;2(5):10–9.
10. Prashanth KN, Swamy N, Basavaiah K. Extraction-free ion-pair methods for the assay of trifluoperazine dihydrochloride in bulk drug, tablets, and spiked human urine using three sulfonphthalein dyes. J Appl Spectrosc 2014;81(5):893–902.
11. Al_Rashidy AAM, Al_Doury MFS, Al_Taiee AKA. Spectrophotometric determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride by oxidative coupling reaction with 4-amino benzoic acid using potassium iodate. Tikret J Pharm Sci 2018;13(1).
12. Jalal MT. Spectrophotometric Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Oxidative Coupling Reaction. Syst Rev Pharm 2020;11(6):58–68.
13. Kajbaf F, De Broe ME, Lalau J-D. Therapeutic concentrations of metformin: a systematic review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016;55:439–59.
14. Wawrzynczak EJ. The advent of serotherapy in Britain tracked by The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 1895-1920. Pharm Hist (Lond) 2019;49(2):33–46.
15. Saganuwan SA, Abdul MS. The prevalence of malaria and its therapeutic implication: A case study of Katcha community. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2016;10(11):212–5.
16. Gahiwade HP, Patil M V, Tekade BW, Thakare VM, Patil VR. Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of trifluoperazine hydrochloride bi-layer floating tablet. IJPBS 2012;2(1):166–72.
17. Waleed AQ, Khammas ZAA, Al-Ayash AS, Jasim F. An indirect atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of trifluoperazine hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals. Arab J Sci Eng 2011;36(4):553–63.
18. Qasim AW, Khammas ZAA. An indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trifluoperazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations based on chelate formation with palladium (II). E-Journal Chem 2010;7(S1):S433–41.
19. Backer HD. Chapter 8 - Water Disinfection. In: Jong EC, Sanford CBT-TT and TMM (Fourth E, editors. Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders; 2008. p. 112–31.
20. Rahman H. Analytical applications of permanganate as an oxidant in the determination of pharmaceuticals using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometry: a review. Curr Anal Chem 2020;16(6):670–86.
21. RIYA I. Potassium Permanganate Formula: Structure, Preparation, Properties, Uses [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 1]. Available from: https://www.embibe.com/exams/potassium-permanganate-formula/
22. Najem W mohammed. Spectrophotometric and thermodynamic parameters for determination of anti heart disease drugs. University of Kufa; 2022.
23. Christian GD, Dasgupta PK, Schug KA. Analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
24. Guideline EU. Note for Guidance on Validation of Analytical Procedures Methodology. CPMP/ICH/281/95; 1995.
25. Jain R, Rather JA. Voltammetric determination of antibacterial drug gemifloxacin in solubilized systems at multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2011;83(2):340–6.
26. AL-Da’amy MAA, AL-Moswi RF. Asensitive colorimetric method for the determination of Methyldopa in pharmaceutical preparation via oxidative coupling organic reaction with Thiamine Hydrochloride in the presence of potassium periodate. kerbala J Pharm Sci 2013;(6).
Published
10/08/2026
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Nasr, M. S., and M. A.-R. Mohauman. “Spectrophotometric Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride Drug in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Potassium Permanganate”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Vol. 7, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 37-45, doi:10.46796/ijpc.v7i2.936.
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