International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry

Anthocyanin extraction and purification

A. Al Bayati Mohanadq, Salma J Asker, Areej B. Abbas — Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Anthocyanins, found naturally in numerous plants like fruits and vegetables, anthocyanins offer important pharmacological advantages, making their extraction for medical purposes crucial endeavor. While conventional methods ordinarily use methanol for extraction, this often yields extracts contaminated with other components. Consequently, there is a essential for extraction techniques that provide greater anthocyanin purity. Our current study addresses this via employing a modified extraction technique using an acetone-chloroform system designed to produce an additional or more purified anthocyanin extract. This extraction approach achieved a high recovery percentage of 82.73 ± 1.96%. The research focused on two major anthocyanins-Peonidin-3-glucoside and Pelargonidin-3-glucoside-extracted from red onions and analyzed their spectral behavior. UV-Vis measurements revealed that the first compound peaked at the wavelength typical for peonidin derivatives, while the second matched the pelargonidin profile. When we introduced aluminum chloride, both pigments exhibited the expected bathochromic shifts, confirming our assignments. To isolate these molecules, we optimized an acetone–chloroform extraction procedure that consistently delivered fractions of high purity. Conclusion, this streamlined approach not only proves that specific anthocyanin can be efficiently recovered from red onion but also highlights their promise for applications in food science, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Effect of chronic administration of the total aqueous extract of sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark on serum markers and some organs in wistar rats

Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Sacoglottis gabonensis is a plant used in the treatment of Buruli ulcer in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to verify the safety of the total aqueous extract of Sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark (TAESg) on serum and organ markers in Wistar rats over a six-month period. 80 rats were divided into four groups, namely A, B, C and D of 20 rats/group. These groups respectively received distilled water and TAESg at doses of 3.5, 17.5 and 35 mg/kg bw orally at 1 mL/100 g bw. At the end of the experiment, venous blood from the retroorbital sinus was collected in dry tubes to determine the chronic effect of TAESg on biochemical parameters and anatomo-histology. This study showed that daily oral administration of TAESg for six months had no effect on serum enzyme and metabolite levels. However, a highly significant (p˂ 0.0001) increase in calcium and sodium levels was observed in group D rats compared to group A rats. As for anatomo-histology, TAESg administration did not alter the morphology and tissue integrity of the vital organs liver, kidneys and heart. In short, TAESg is non-toxic to biochemical parameters and organs. Formulations are needed to make it available to the general public.

A study on anti hemorrhoidal activity in calotropis gigantea r.br.

Raja S, Nithya Anandhi `R — Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Hemorrhoids, a common anorectal disorder, are characterized by inflammation, swelling, and bleeding of the rectal veins. Current pharmacological treatments often provide limited relief and may be associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for alternative therapies. Calotropis gigantea, a medicinal plant traditionally used in folk medicine for various ailments, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing properties. This study investigates the potential antihemorrhoidal activity of Calotropis gigantea through phytochemical analysis and experimental evaluation using established in vitro and in vivo models. Extracts from leaves of the plant were tested for their efficacy in reducing inflammation, pain, and bleeding associated with hemorrhoidal conditions. The results demonstrated significant antihemorrhoidal effects, particularly with the ethanolic leaf extract, likely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These findings suggest that Calotropis gigantea may serve as a promising natural alternative for the management of hemorrhoids, warranting further pharmacological and clinical investigations.

Innovative niosomal targeted delivery system of crepidium accuminatum extract: evaluating anticancer potential in colon cancer ht-29 cell lines

Fri, 21 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Colon cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies that enhance drug efficacy while minimising side effects. This study investigates the formulation and in vitro assessment of niosomes loaded with ethanolic extract from Crepidium acuminatum, a medicinal orchid known for its bioactive compounds. Niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique with Tween 60 and cholesterol in varying ratios to optimise encapsulation and release profiles. Physicochemical characterisation revealed high entrapment efficiency (up to 78.3% in the optimised F4 formulation), sustained drug release over 24 hours, and stability under refrigerated conditions. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed compatibility between the extract and excipients. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on HT-29 colon cancer cells demonstrated superior antiproliferative activity of the niosomal formulation compared to the free extract, with an IC50 value of 32.5 µg/mL versus 58.2 µg/mL. These findings underscore the potential of niosome-encapsulated C. acuminatum extract as a promising nanocarrier for targeted colorectal cancer therapy, warranting further in vivo validation.

Herbal nanoformulations and transdermal patches: a comprehensive review on advanced phytopharmaceutical delivery systems

Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Herbal medicines are widely recognized for their therapeutic benefits; however, limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid degradation restrict their clinical efficacy. Recent advancements in nanoformulation and transdermal delivery systems have provided solutions to overcome these limitations. Herbal nanoformulations enhance solubility, stability, and targeted delivery, while herbal transdermal patches offer non-invasive administration, bypassing first-pass metabolism and maintaining steady plasma concentrations. The combination of nanotechnology with transdermal patches further improves bioavailability, skin permeation, and therapeutic efficiency. This review summarizes the definition, preparation methods, key aspects, advantages, challenges, and recent marketed products of herbal nanoformulations, herbal transdermal patches, and nano-enhanced transdermal patches. Tables include examples of marketed products with composition, manufacturer, country, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency, providing an updated overview for researchers and clinicians.

Phytochemical constituent’s analysis and cardio protective agent mechanism of allium sativum: a pharmacogenetic approach to garlic derived organosulfur compound

Sireesha Badri, Dharanee N, Srinitha D, Kanchana V, Thahara SK — Sun, 26 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, has occupied a prominent position in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacological research owing to its multifaceted thera-peutic potential. Beyond its culinary use, garlic is widely recognized as a rich reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly organosulfur compounds, which contribute to its broad spectrum of biological activities. The present study attempts to analyze the diverse phytochemical constituents of A. sativum and to elucidate its cardioprotective mechanism through a pharmacogenetic perspective. Special emphasis is placed on the chemical nature, biosynthetic pathways, and biological significance of major sulfur-containing compounds such as allicin, alliin, S-allyl cysteine, and ajoene.Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily due to oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Garlic-derived organosulfur compounds exhibit remarkable cardioprotective actions by modulating lipid metabolism, reducing oxidative damage, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving vascular elasticity.

Indole as a biological scaffold: a comprehensive review

Seetaramswamy Seepana, Vikas Verma, Pankaj Sharma, Jaya Sharma, Ravindra N — Tue, 04 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0530

3-amino indole derivatives are a significant class of heterocyclic compounds in organic synthesis, known for their diverse applications in medicinal chemistry. Recent advancements in their synthesis have led to methods that enhance yield and efficiency, making these derivatives more accessible for research and pharmaceutical novel drug development. For decades, researchers have concentrated on generating indole heterocyclic molecules with novel biological and pharmacological features based on available and emerging information. Because of their beneficial bioactivities, we have discussed various bioactive indoles and their biological activities in this review paper.

Formulation and evolution of tulsi (holy basil)

Meghamala Malipeddi — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0530

The Tulasi leaf, also known as Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum), is highly revered in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and holds significant religious importance in Hinduism. Its key aspects revolve around its potent medicinal properties, spiritual significance, and beneficial chemical components. Adaptogenic Helps the body adapt to stress (physical, metabolic, and psychological) by regulating cortisol levels, promoting a sense of calm, and reducing anxiety and depression. Antimicrobial Possesses broad-spectrum activity (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal) making it useful for common colds, coughs, and various infections. Respiratory Health Acts as an expectorant (helps clear mucus) and is widely used for treating coughs, colds, bronchitis, and asthma. Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant Rich in antioxidants (like eugenol and rosmarinic acid) that help fight free radicals and reduce inflammation. Metabolic Support Helps in normalizing blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipid (cholesterol) levels, offering support for conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular health. Detoxification Considered a blood purifier and a mild diuretic, aiding in the removal of toxins and supporting kidney health.