International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry

Forced Degradation Studies in Analytical Method Development for Pharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review

Kiran Kumar Byram — 2026-02-28

Forced degradation studies, also known as stress testing, are essential tools in pharmaceutical analysis for understanding the intrinsic stability of drug substances and products. These studies involve subjecting drugs to extreme conditions to generate degradation products, thereby enabling the development of stability-indicating analytical methods. Such methods are critical for accurately distinguishing the active pharmaceutical ingredient from its degradation impurities, ensuring drug safety, efficacy, and quality. Typically, forced degradation is performed under a variety of stress conditions, including acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative degradation, thermal stress, and photolytic exposure. Each condition provides insight into specific degradation pathways and mechanisms. Advanced analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and photodiode array (PDA) detection are widely employed for the separation, identification, and characterisation of degradation products. These studies play a pivotal role in method development, validation, impurity profiling, and regulatory submissions. Overall, forced degradation studies are indispensable in ensuring the development of robust, reliable, and stability-indicating analytical methods in the pharmaceutical industry.

DESIGN AND FORMULATION OF NEXT GENERATION DRY POWDER INHALERS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Krishna Narasimh Midde — 2026-05-31

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have become a significant system for pulmonary drug delivery, attributed to their breath-actuated mechanism, portability, and stability of formulation. In recent decades, notable progress in DPI technology has tackled major challenges related to inadequate powder flow, variability in dosing, and inhalation performance that depends on the patient. The development of advanced DPIs emphasizes innovative particle engineering techniques such as spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, and formulations without carriers to improve aerosolization efficiency and deep lung deposition. The incorporation of new excipients, techniques for surface modification, and engineered porous particles has further enhanced the dispersibility of powders and consistency in dosing. Additionally, innovations in devices, including low-resistance inhalers, active dispersion mechanisms, and smart inhalers with digital sensors, are revolutionizing patient adherence and therapeutic monitoring. Future advancements in DPIs are anticipated to focus on personalized medicine, integrating patient-specific inhalation profiles and connectivity with digital health platforms. Furthermore, the expanding use of DPIs for systemic delivery, vaccines, biologics, and gene therapies underscores their increasing clinical importance beyond just respiratory conditions. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability in manufacturing, regulatory demands, and long-term stability persist. Ongoing interdisciplinary research that merges formulation science, device engineering, and clinical assessment will be vital in progressing the next generation of dry powder inhalers to achieve better therapeutic results.

PATIENT SAFETY IN PHARMACOTHERAPY: A REVIEW IN MEDICATION ERRORS AND THEIR PREVENTION

Ashok Nadakuduru — 2026-06-01

Medication errors are a major public health concern that can result in significant harm to patients. Understanding the different types and causes of medication errors is essential to preventing these incidents.This article reviews the literature on medication errors, their types, causes, and prevention strategies. The review includes studies from various countries and healthcare settings. Medication errors can occur at any stage of the medication use process, from prescription to administration and monitoring. Prescription errors, dispensing errors, administration errors, and monitoring errors are the most common types of medication errors. Factors contributing to medication errors include patient-related factors, healthcare provider- related factors, and system related factors. Clinical pharmacy services have been shown to be effective in preventing medication errors.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ORODISPERSIBLE TABLTES

Sharon N — 2026-06-02

In the pharmaceutical industry oral route is considered as the safest and convenient route. Oro-dispersible tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms containing drugs that disintegrate in the oral cavity within less than 1 minute leaving an easy to swallow residue. These dosage form contains super disintegrants which imparts quick disintegration with presence of saliva and can be swallowed easily. ODTs are the very good choice for the paediatric and geriatric patients. To improve the bioavailability of many drugs, Oro dispersible drug delivery systems are used extensively. In recent past, several manufacturing technologies such as sublimation technique, spray drying technique etc… are employed to overcome the limitations of conventional tablet dosage forms. The mouth dissolving tablets must undergo a variety of evaluations after they are created in order to ensure their long-term stability and improved therapeutic effectiveness.

CURRENT TRENDS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DENTAL IMPLANTS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES AND FAILURES

Traun Venkata Subbarao Nanduri — 2026-06-04

This narrative review examines recent advancements in dental implantology, emphasizing innovative accoutrements, digital technologies, and case- centred approaches that ameliorate treatment issues. Implant systems have progressed from traditonal titanium to biocompatible druthers similar as zirconia, titanium zirconium blends, and altar- grounded designs, enabling enhanced integration and continuity. Tooth loss is veritably a veritably common problem; thus, the use of dental implants is also a common practice. Although exploration on dental implant de signs, accoutrements and ways has increased in the once many times and is anticipated to expand in the future, there's still a lot of work involved in the use of better biomaterials, implant design, face revision and functionalization of shells to ameliorate the long- term issues of the treatment.

A REVIEW ON HERBAL MEDICINES ANTI DIABETIC AGENTS AND HEIR THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY

Kanti Gari Ashwini Netti — 2026-06-04

The Therapeutic possibilities of plant-based treatments the management of diabetes’s of mechanism of the action. Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic Illness that serious danger at around the entire world. the properties of following plants are Alstonia scholaris, Annona squamosa, Momordica charantia, cinnamon, fenugreek, Allium sativum, Neem, Ocimum sanctum, Ginseng berry, Aloe vera this data process is identified potential phytoconstituents for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Herbal drugs are controlling diabetes safely effectively and different methods of action experiments on animals and humans. This review Important discoveries and medicinal uses herbal treatment for diabetes WHO acknowledges the potential of herbal drugs in treating different health issues, such as diabetes, utilized conventional therapies. It is important to emphasize that herbal treatments are displayed potential diabetes they should be healthcare experts. Herbal remedies have been traditionally treating to diabetes. The parts used test models hypoglycaemic [blood-sugar-lowering] active compounds of 20 plant species for 12 family’s crucial role of plant diabetes. The plants can delay complications from diabetes and metabolic imbalance. This review can attempt to cover for herbal plants like melon, ginseng cinnamon, garlic, Gymnema managing blood glucose level due to saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids useful controlling diabetes description of Gymnema gumarin possible mechanism the gumarin helps manage taste buds’ receptors TIR1, TIR3 both β-cells and islets, PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) β-cells is stimulated by Gymnema. Plant culture methods Gymnema acid production Diabetes mellitus affecting over 537 million people poses health challenges prevalence and complications like Neuropathy, cardiovascular sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella, foenum-graecum Cinnamomum veum, Aloe vera and clinical efficacy through results vary due to standardization issues.