A study on anti hemorrhoidal activity in calotropis gigantea r.br.
Abstract
Hemorrhoids, a common anorectal disorder, are characterized by inflammation, swelling, and bleeding of the rectal veins. Current pharmacological treatments often provide limited relief and may be associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for alternative therapies. Calotropis gigantea, a medicinal plant traditionally used in folk medicine for various ailments, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing properties. This study investigates the potential antihemorrhoidal activity of Calotropis gigantea through phytochemical analysis and experimental evaluation using established in vitro and in vivo models. Extracts from leaves of the plant were tested for their efficacy in reducing inflammation, pain, and bleeding associated with hemorrhoidal conditions. The results demonstrated significant antihemorrhoidal effects, particularly with the ethanolic leaf extract, likely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These findings suggest that Calotropis gigantea may serve as a promising natural alternative for the management of hemorrhoids, warranting further pharmacological and clinical investigations.
Keywords:
Calotropis gigantia, Hemorrhoids, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, Anti hemorrhoidal activity, Phytochemicals, Anti in-flammatory, Anti oxidant
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References
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3. Dash VB. Materia Medica of Ayurveda. 1st ed. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company; 1980. p. 27–8.
4. Dutt UC. Materia Medica of the Hindus. Calcutta: Thacker Spink & Co; 1877. p. 196–7.
5. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol 2. Allahabad: Lalit Mohan Basu; 1918. p. 810–12.
6. Dey AG. Indian Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurvedic Preparation. New Delhi: Scientific Publishers; 1988.
7. Dymock W. Pharmacographia Indica. Vol 2. Delhi: Asiatic Publishing House; 1997.
8. Ross IA. Medicinal Plants of the World. Vol 3. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005.
9. Wood M. The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to New World Medicinal Plants. Berkeley, CA: North At-lantic Books; 2009.
10. Barclay J. Southall’s Organic Materia Medica: British Pharmacopoeia. London: Churchill; 1898.
11. Alagesaboopathi C. Endemic Medicinal Plants of India. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House; 2009.
12. Sanyal D. Vegetable Drugs of India. Calcutta: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1994.
13. Quart C. Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007.
14. Pengelly A. Constituents of Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Melbourne: CABI Publishing; 2004.
15. Drury H. Handbook of the Indian Flora. Vol 2. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1982.
16. Dhiman AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2003.
17. Upadhyaya A. Healing Herbs of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing; 2012.
18. Jadhav D. Medicinal Value of Indian Weed Plants. Pune: Scholars’ Press; 2022.
19. Dhiman AK. Wild Medicinal Plants of India with Eth-nomedicinal Uses. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2006.
20. Patil MV. Herbal Materia Medica of Maharashtra, In-dia. Pune: University of Pune Press; 2010.
21. Rengarajan S, Sivalingam AM. Nanomaterial synthesis using Calotropis gigantea extract. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. 2024;34(2):1–9.
22. Dibikshya M, Mohan S, Gautam S. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening studies of Calotropis gigantea leaves. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod. 2022;8(3):45–52.
23. Bhoomika S, Singh E. Review article on antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from leaf, stem, bark, and flower of Calotropis species. RGUHS J Pharm Sci. 2023;13(2):1–7.
24. Sachin S, Asha R, Nagarathna A, Rajadurai M. Phyto-chemical studies of the methanolic extract of Calotro-pis gigantea leaves. Indo Am J Pharm Sci. 2018;5(3):216–22.
25. Bairagi PK, Kulkarni AV, Gunjal AA. Comprehensive review on hemorrhoids: from epidemiology to pre-clinical assessment of anti-hemorrhoidal agents. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2024;16(2):101–8.
26. Loganathan GK, Karthik G. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves: an in vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2010;2(1):45–9.
27. Galal TM, Farahat EA, El-Midany MM, Hassan LM. Effect of temperature, salinity, light and time of dehiscence on seed germination and seedling morphology of Calotropis procera from urban habitat. Afr J Biotechnol. 2015;14(12):987–95.
28. Handayani L, Aprilia S, Arahman N. Assessment of fibres from different parts of Calotropis gigantea bio-mass as filler for PVA/PVP composites. S Afr J Chem Eng. 2024;48:1–8.
29. More RB, Lalsare SS, Nikam GB. Isolation of natural universal indicator and preparation of pH paper from Calotropis gigantea Linn. Int Biannual Ref J Life Sci. 2024;12(1):25–31.
30. Rehman N, Haq F, Faisal S. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera. Asian J Biol Sci. 2023;16(4):455–62.
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35. Halverson A. Hemorrhoids. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2007;20(2):77–85.
36. Wahyudi PA, William S. Diagnosis and management of internal hemorrhoids: a brief review. Eur J Med Health Sci. 2021;3(4):22–7.
37. Al-Dulaimi FH. Morphological and anatomical studies of Calotropis procera in Iraq. Int J Appl Sci Technol. 2022;12(3):65–71.
38. Ranjan N, Singh SK, Kumari C. Biological morphology and ethnopharmacological importance of Calotropis species: a review. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2017;6(9):245–54.
39. Sivapalan S, et al. Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications. J Ethno-pharmacol. 2023. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442758/
40. Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic ap-plications. [Internet]. ScienceDirect; 2023. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
41. Phytochemistry and evaluation of antioxidant activity of whole plant of Calotropis gigantea Linn. [Internet]. ResearchGate; 2023. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46818103
42. Rajamohan S, Kalaivanan P, Sivagnanam I, Rajaman-ickam M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and GC-MS analysis of Calotropis gigantea white flowers. Phytopharm J. 2023;3(6). Available from: https://www.phytopharmajournal.com/Vol3_Issue6_06.pdf
43. Standardization and biological activity of Calotropis gigantea. [Internet]. Hilaris Publisher; 2023. Available from: https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/standardization-and-biological-activity-of-calotropis-gigantea.pdf
44. Elakkiya P, Prasanna G. A study on phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of Calotro-pis gigantea L. Int J Pharm Sci. 2012;11(4):1428–31. Available from: https://sphinxsai.com/2012/oct-dec/Pharmpdf/PT=11(1428-1431)OD12.pdf
45. Mandal S. Calotropis gigantea: A brief study on phyto-chemical and pharmacological profile. Asian J Pharm Res. 2023;13(1):6. Available from: https://asianjpr.com/HTML_Papers/Asian%20Journal%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Research__PID__2023-13-1-6.html
46. Jayalekshmi C, Mohan Das N, Periakaruppan R. Bioactive compounds of Calotropis gigantea for cancer treatment. Sci Direct. 2024. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772906024001821
47. A review on brief study of Calotropis gigantea Linn. [Internet]. ResearchGate; 2021. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354913078_A_Review_on_Brief_Study_of_Calotropis_gigantea_Linn
48. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. [Internet]. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science; 2023. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:95173-1
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10/11/2025
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S, R., and `RN. A. “A Study on Anti Hemorrhoidal Activity in Calotropis Gigantea r.Br.”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Vol. 6, no. 4, Nov. 2025, pp. 34-41, doi:10.46796/ijpc.v6i4.771.
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