Phytochemical constituent’s analysis and cardio protective agent mechanism of allium sativum: a pharmacogenetic approach to garlic derived organosulfur compound
Abstract
Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, has occupied a prominent position in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacological research owing to its multifaceted thera-peutic potential. Beyond its culinary use, garlic is widely recognized as a rich reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly organosulfur compounds, which contribute to its broad spectrum of biological activities. The present study attempts to analyze the diverse phytochemical constituents of A. sativum and to elucidate its cardioprotective mechanism through a pharmacogenetic perspective. Special emphasis is placed on the chemical nature, biosynthetic pathways, and biological significance of major sulfur-containing compounds such as allicin, alliin, S-allyl cysteine, and ajoene.Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily due to oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Garlic-derived organosulfur compounds exhibit remarkable cardioprotective actions by modulating lipid metabolism, reducing oxidative damage, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving vascular elasticity.
Keywords:
Allium Sativum, Phytochemicals, Organosul-fur Compounds, Cardiopro-tective Mechanism, Pharma-cognosy, Oxidative Stress, Lipid Regulation
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References
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25. Lawrence, B. M., & Block, E. (1996). The chemistry and biological activities of garlic. Perfumer and Fla-vorist, 21(4), 21–33.
26. Lin, M. C., Wang, E. J., Lee, C. J., & Lin, S. H. (2002). Protective effects of garlic on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Toxicology, 173(1–2), 67–75.
27. Liu, C. T., Hse, H., Lii, C. K., Chen, P. S., & Sheen, L. Y. (2007). Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(2), 577–582.
28. Machha, A., & Acharya, S. R. (2007). Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Allium sativum L. in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 45(3), 252–258.
29. Mikaili, P., Maadirad, S., Moloudizargari, M., Aghajan-shakeri, S., &Sarahroodi, S. (2013). Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 16(10), 1031–1048.
30. Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Mirelman, D., Wilchek, M., & Weiner, L. (2000). The mode of action of allicin: Its ready permeability through phospholipid mem-branes may contribute to its biological activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1463(1), 20–30.
31. Nagpal, R., & Kumar, A. (2012). Pharmacognostic studies and anti-oxidant potential of Allium sativum L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4244–4251.
32. Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Colee, J., Khoo, C., & Percival, S. S. (2012). Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms. Clinical Nutrition, 31(3), 337–344.
33. Parikh, P. M., & Gupta, S. (2010). Garlic: The spice of cardiovascular health. Indian Journal of Clinical Prac-tice, 21(5), 256–261.
2. Iciek, M., Kwiecień, I., & Włodek, L. (2009). Biological properties of garlic and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 50(3), 247–265.
3. Ried, K., Toben, C., & Fakler, P. (2013). Effect of garlic on serum lipids: An updated meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 71(5), 282–299.
4. Lawson, L. D., & Wang, Z. J. (2005). Allicin and al-licin-derived garlic compounds: Chemistry and biological actions. Phytomedicine, 12(2–3), 125–130.
5. Rahman, K. (2007). Effects of garlic on platelet bio-chemistry and physiology. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51(11), 1335–1344.
6. Borek, C. (2006). Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk. Journal of Nutrition, 136(3 Suppl), 810S–812S.
7. Banerjee, S. K., Dinda, A. K., & Maulik, S. K. (2003). Chronic garlic administration protects rat heart against oxidative stress-induced histopathological changes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41(8), 827–832.
8. Amagase, H., Petesch, B. L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., & Itakura, Y. (2001). Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 955S–962S.
9. Chan, J. Y. Y., & Cheng, H. L. (2015). Allium sativum as a functional food for cardiovascular health: A review. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 39(3), 252–260.
10. El-Saber Batiha, G., et al. (2020). Chemical constitu-ents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients, 12(3), 872.
11. Amagase, H., Petesch, B. L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S., & Itakura, Y. (2001). Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 955S–962S.
12. Banerjee, S. K., Maulik, M., Mancahanda, S. C., & Maulik, S. K. (2002). Garlic as an antioxidant: The good, the bad and the ugly. Phytotherapy Research, 16(7), 617–631.
13. Borek, C. (2006). Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(3), 816S–820S.
14. Chan, J. Y. Y., & Wong, C. Y. (2014). Protective ef-fects of garlic on cardiovascular diseases: A review. Nutrients, 6(8), 817–826.
15. Chu, Y. F., Sun, J., Wu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(23), 6910–6916.
16. Dausch, J. G., & Nixon, D. W. (1990). Garlic: A review of its relationship to cardiovascular disease. Preven-tive Medicine, 19(3), 346–361.
17. Eilat-Adar, S., Sinai, T., Yosefy, C., & Henkin, Y. (2013). Nutritional recommendations for cardiovascular disease prevention. Nutrition Journal, 12(1), 110.
18. El-Sabban, F., &Abouazra, H. (2008). Effect of garlic on atherosclerosis and its factors. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(1), 37–43.
19. Gebreyohannes, G., &Gebreyohannes, M. (2013). Medicinal values of garlic: A review. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 5(9), 401–408.
20. Iciek, M., Kwiecień, I., & Włodek, L. (2009). Biological properties of garlic and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 50(3), 247–265.
21. Kalra, E. K. (2003). Nutraceutical—Definition and introduction. AAPS PharmSci, 5(3), E25.
22. Keiss, H. P., Dirsch, V. M., Hartung, T., Haffner, T., Trueman, L., & Auger, J. (2003). Garlic (Allium sati-vum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopoly-saccharide-activated human blood. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(7), 2171–2175.
23. Kharade, S. M., & Gaikwad, R. S. (2018). Pharmacog-nostic and phytochemical evaluation of Allium sati-vum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 52(2), 18–23.
24. Kodera, Y., Suzuki, A., Imada, O., Kasuga, S., Sumi-oka, I., Kanezawa, A., & Itakura, Y. (2002). Physical, chemical, and biological properties of S-allylcysteine, an amino acid derived from garlic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(3), 622–632.
25. Lawrence, B. M., & Block, E. (1996). The chemistry and biological activities of garlic. Perfumer and Fla-vorist, 21(4), 21–33.
26. Lin, M. C., Wang, E. J., Lee, C. J., & Lin, S. H. (2002). Protective effects of garlic on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Toxicology, 173(1–2), 67–75.
27. Liu, C. T., Hse, H., Lii, C. K., Chen, P. S., & Sheen, L. Y. (2007). Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(2), 577–582.
28. Machha, A., & Acharya, S. R. (2007). Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Allium sativum L. in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 45(3), 252–258.
29. Mikaili, P., Maadirad, S., Moloudizargari, M., Aghajan-shakeri, S., &Sarahroodi, S. (2013). Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 16(10), 1031–1048.
30. Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Mirelman, D., Wilchek, M., & Weiner, L. (2000). The mode of action of allicin: Its ready permeability through phospholipid mem-branes may contribute to its biological activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1463(1), 20–30.
31. Nagpal, R., & Kumar, A. (2012). Pharmacognostic studies and anti-oxidant potential of Allium sativum L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4244–4251.
32. Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Colee, J., Khoo, C., & Percival, S. S. (2012). Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms. Clinical Nutrition, 31(3), 337–344.
33. Parikh, P. M., & Gupta, S. (2010). Garlic: The spice of cardiovascular health. Indian Journal of Clinical Prac-tice, 21(5), 256–261.
Published
26/10/2025
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How to Cite
Badri, S., D. N, S. D, K. V, and T. SK. “Phytochemical constituent’s Analysis and Cardio Protective Agent Mechanism of Allium Sativum: A Pharmacogenetic Approach to Garlic Derived Organosulfur Compound”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Vol. 6, no. 4, Oct. 2025, pp. 24-33, doi:10.46796/ijpc.v6i4.758.
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