Momordica charantia (bitter gourd), a potent antidiabetic phytomedicine
Abstract
Gourd bitter Grown mostly in India, China, and Southeast Asia, the tropical creeping plant known as or bitter melon. Its edible fruit is the primary reason for the plant's cultivation. Because of their bitter flavour, bitter gourds are not well-liked. The fruits of the Cucurbitaceae family plant Momordica charantia are a good source of a number of important nutrients. Over sixty phytomedicines, including blood purifiers, antioxidants, anticancer agents, and diabetes inhibitors, are present in the entire plant. In-depth information about the nutritional elements, different bioactive substances, and significant nutraceutical qualities of the bitter gourd plant in relation to diabetes are attempted to be provided in this review.
Keywords:
Momordica charantia, Diabetes, Bitter gourd, Bitter melon
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References
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6. Abas, R., Othman, F., &Thent, Z. C. (2015). Effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract on vascular complication in type 1 diabetic rats. EXCLI Journal, 14, 179.
7. Arshad, M. U., Aslam, T., & Khalil, A. A. (2018). Hypolipidemic perspectives of bittergourd (Momordica Charantia L.) ethanolic extracts in rat model. Sylwan, 162(2), 151–163.
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10. Chakraborty, S., Uppaluri, R., & Das, C. (2020). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process for the recovery of bioactive compounds from bitter gourd using response surface methodology (RSM). Food and Bioproducts Processing, 120, 114–122.
11. Daniel, P., Supe, U., &Roymon, M. G. (2014). A review on phytochemical analysis of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry, 3(1), 214–220.
12. Desai, S., &Tatke, P. (2015). Charantin: An important lead compound from Momordica charantia for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(6), 163–166.
13. Devaki, C. S., & Premavalli, K. S. (2014). Evaluation of supplementation of Bittergourd fermented beverage to diabetic subjects. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 4(1), 27–36.
14. Fuangchan, A., Sonthisombat, P., Seubnukarn, T., Chanouan, R., Chotchaisuwat, P., Sirigulsatien, V., … Haines, S. T. (2011). Hypoglycemic effect of bitter melon compared with metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 422–428.
15. Gupta, M., Sharma, S., Gautam, A. K., &Bhadauria, R. (2011). Momordica charantia Linn.(Karela): Nature’s silent healer. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 11(1), 32–37.
16. Janagal, B., Singh, C., Purvia, R. P., &Adlakha, M. (2018). A review of hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia wsr to madhumeh. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 6(1), 50–54.
17. Jia, S., Shen, M., Zhang, F., &Xie, J. (2017). Recent advances in Momordica charantia: Functional components and biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), 2555.
18. Joseph, B., &Jini, D. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(2), 93–102.
19. Ju, Y. H., & Kim, M. (2018). Anti-diabetic potentials of bitter melon, (pp. 1–6). Virginia Cooperative Extension. Virginia State University.
20. Klomann, S. D., Mueller, A. S., Pallauf, J., & Krawinkel, M. B. (2010). Antidiabetic effects of bitter gourd extracts in insulin-resistant db/db mice. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(11), 1613–1620.
21. Krawinkel, M. B., &Keding, G. B. (2006). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutrition Reviews, 64(7), 331–337.
22. Krawinkel, M. B., Ludwig, C., Swai, M. E., Yang, R. Y., Chun, K. P., &Habicht, S. D. (2018). Bitter gourd reduces elevated fasting plasma glucose levels in an intervention study among prediabetics in Tanzania. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 216, 1-7.
23. Lestari, P., &Mahayasih, P. G. M. W. (2017). Inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid compound from bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.). Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(2), 252–256.
24. Mahwish, M., Saeed, F., unNisa, M., &Nadeem, M. T. (2018). Minerals and phytochemical analysis of bitter melon fruits and its components in some indigenous and exotic cultivars. Bioscience Journal, 34(6), 1622–1631.
25. Nagarani, G., Abirami, A., &Siddhuraju, P. (2014). Food prospects and nutraceutical attributes of Momordica species: A potential tropical bioresources–A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3(3-4), 117–126.
26. Patel, A. S., Kar, A., Dash, S., & Dash, S. K. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from ripe bitter melon pericarp. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–10.
27. Saeed, F., Afzaal, M., Niaz, B., Arshad, M. U., Tufail, T., Hussain, M. B., &Javed, A. (2018). Bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ): A natural healthy vegetable. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 1270–1290.
28. Salam, M. A., El-Gengaihi, S. E., &Zikry, E. N. (2015). Preliminary clinical trials of karela, Momordica charantia, on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 14(1), 69.
29. Sharmin, Z. R., Akter, M. T., Rahman, R., Hoque, M., Khan, I., &Mosaddek, A. S. M. (2017). Comparative study of hypolipidemic effects of Momordica charantia (karela) with atorvastatin in fat fed rats. Journal of Human Health Research, 1(1), 11.
30. Shetty, A. K., Kumar, G. S., Sambaiah, K., &Salimath, P. V. (2005). Effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on glycaemic status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(3), 109–112.
31. Shubha, A. S., Devaraju, S. M., Srinivasa, V., Kantharaj, Y., Ravi, C. S., Akshay, A., &Shanwaz, A. (2018). Medicinal and nutritional importance of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L): A review article. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 297-300.
32. Supraja, P., Basha, T., Nagaraju, C., Kiranmayee, P., &Usha, R. (2015). Identification of an alkaloid momordicin from fruits of Momordica charantia L. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6(2), 168–172.
33. Tan, S. P., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., & Roach, P. D. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from bitter melon. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(5), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.55054.
34. Tan, S. P., Stathopoulos, C. E., Parks, S. E., & Roach, P. (2014). An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from bitter melon with high antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 3(4), 814–829.
35. Ullah, M., Chy, F. K., Sarkar, S. K., Islam, M. K., &Nurul, A. (2011). Nutrient and phytochemical analysis of four varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) grown in Chittagong hill tracts, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 186–193.
36. Ummi, R., Teti, E., &Endang, S. (2018). Bioactive compound and nutritious characteristic of bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.). Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 79(7), 308-316.
37. Yoshime, L. T., Louise, I., De Melo, P., Augusto, J., & Sattler, G. (2016). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L .) seed oil as a naturally rich source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical purposes. Nutrire, 1–7.
38. Yousaf, S., Hussain, A., Rehman, S., Aslam, M. S., & Abbas, Z. (2016). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lactobacillus fermentum, fruit extracts of Syzygium cumini and Momordica charantia on diabetes induced mice. Pakisthan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 29(5), 1535–1540.
2. BellDS.2001.Importanceofpostprandialglucosecontrol.SouthMedJ, 94, 804-809.
3. D.W. Cooke and L. Plotnick. 2008. “Type 1 diabetesmellitus in paediatrics. Pediatrics in Review, 29(11):374–384.
4. CraigME,HattersleyA,DonaghueKC.2009.Definition, epidemiology and classification of diabetes inchildren and adolescents.PediatrDiabetes,10:3-12.
5. MurthyPS.1995.Medicinalplantsindiabetestreatment.IndJClinBiochem,10:52-53.
6. Abas, R., Othman, F., &Thent, Z. C. (2015). Effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract on vascular complication in type 1 diabetic rats. EXCLI Journal, 14, 179.
7. Arshad, M. U., Aslam, T., & Khalil, A. A. (2018). Hypolipidemic perspectives of bittergourd (Momordica Charantia L.) ethanolic extracts in rat model. Sylwan, 162(2), 151–163.
8. Barua, R., Talukder, M. E. U., Islam, M. S., Yesmin, F., Chakma, K., Kabir, M. G., &Bhuiyan, R. H. (2020). Nutritional analysis and phytochemical evaluation of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) from Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 8(02), 11–17.
9. Behera, T. K., Staub, J. E., Behera, S., & Simon, P. W. (2008). Bitter gourd and human health. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 1(2), 224–226.
10. Chakraborty, S., Uppaluri, R., & Das, C. (2020). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process for the recovery of bioactive compounds from bitter gourd using response surface methodology (RSM). Food and Bioproducts Processing, 120, 114–122.
11. Daniel, P., Supe, U., &Roymon, M. G. (2014). A review on phytochemical analysis of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry, 3(1), 214–220.
12. Desai, S., &Tatke, P. (2015). Charantin: An important lead compound from Momordica charantia for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(6), 163–166.
13. Devaki, C. S., & Premavalli, K. S. (2014). Evaluation of supplementation of Bittergourd fermented beverage to diabetic subjects. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 4(1), 27–36.
14. Fuangchan, A., Sonthisombat, P., Seubnukarn, T., Chanouan, R., Chotchaisuwat, P., Sirigulsatien, V., … Haines, S. T. (2011). Hypoglycemic effect of bitter melon compared with metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 422–428.
15. Gupta, M., Sharma, S., Gautam, A. K., &Bhadauria, R. (2011). Momordica charantia Linn.(Karela): Nature’s silent healer. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 11(1), 32–37.
16. Janagal, B., Singh, C., Purvia, R. P., &Adlakha, M. (2018). A review of hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia wsr to madhumeh. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 6(1), 50–54.
17. Jia, S., Shen, M., Zhang, F., &Xie, J. (2017). Recent advances in Momordica charantia: Functional components and biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), 2555.
18. Joseph, B., &Jini, D. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(2), 93–102.
19. Ju, Y. H., & Kim, M. (2018). Anti-diabetic potentials of bitter melon, (pp. 1–6). Virginia Cooperative Extension. Virginia State University.
20. Klomann, S. D., Mueller, A. S., Pallauf, J., & Krawinkel, M. B. (2010). Antidiabetic effects of bitter gourd extracts in insulin-resistant db/db mice. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(11), 1613–1620.
21. Krawinkel, M. B., &Keding, G. B. (2006). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutrition Reviews, 64(7), 331–337.
22. Krawinkel, M. B., Ludwig, C., Swai, M. E., Yang, R. Y., Chun, K. P., &Habicht, S. D. (2018). Bitter gourd reduces elevated fasting plasma glucose levels in an intervention study among prediabetics in Tanzania. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 216, 1-7.
23. Lestari, P., &Mahayasih, P. G. M. W. (2017). Inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid compound from bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.). Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(2), 252–256.
24. Mahwish, M., Saeed, F., unNisa, M., &Nadeem, M. T. (2018). Minerals and phytochemical analysis of bitter melon fruits and its components in some indigenous and exotic cultivars. Bioscience Journal, 34(6), 1622–1631.
25. Nagarani, G., Abirami, A., &Siddhuraju, P. (2014). Food prospects and nutraceutical attributes of Momordica species: A potential tropical bioresources–A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3(3-4), 117–126.
26. Patel, A. S., Kar, A., Dash, S., & Dash, S. K. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction of β-carotene from ripe bitter melon pericarp. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–10.
27. Saeed, F., Afzaal, M., Niaz, B., Arshad, M. U., Tufail, T., Hussain, M. B., &Javed, A. (2018). Bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ): A natural healthy vegetable. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 1270–1290.
28. Salam, M. A., El-Gengaihi, S. E., &Zikry, E. N. (2015). Preliminary clinical trials of karela, Momordica charantia, on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 14(1), 69.
29. Sharmin, Z. R., Akter, M. T., Rahman, R., Hoque, M., Khan, I., &Mosaddek, A. S. M. (2017). Comparative study of hypolipidemic effects of Momordica charantia (karela) with atorvastatin in fat fed rats. Journal of Human Health Research, 1(1), 11.
30. Shetty, A. K., Kumar, G. S., Sambaiah, K., &Salimath, P. V. (2005). Effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on glycaemic status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(3), 109–112.
31. Shubha, A. S., Devaraju, S. M., Srinivasa, V., Kantharaj, Y., Ravi, C. S., Akshay, A., &Shanwaz, A. (2018). Medicinal and nutritional importance of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L): A review article. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 297-300.
32. Supraja, P., Basha, T., Nagaraju, C., Kiranmayee, P., &Usha, R. (2015). Identification of an alkaloid momordicin from fruits of Momordica charantia L. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6(2), 168–172.
33. Tan, S. P., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., & Roach, P. D. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from bitter melon. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(5), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.55054.
34. Tan, S. P., Stathopoulos, C. E., Parks, S. E., & Roach, P. (2014). An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from bitter melon with high antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 3(4), 814–829.
35. Ullah, M., Chy, F. K., Sarkar, S. K., Islam, M. K., &Nurul, A. (2011). Nutrient and phytochemical analysis of four varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) grown in Chittagong hill tracts, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 186–193.
36. Ummi, R., Teti, E., &Endang, S. (2018). Bioactive compound and nutritious characteristic of bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.). Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 79(7), 308-316.
37. Yoshime, L. T., Louise, I., De Melo, P., Augusto, J., & Sattler, G. (2016). Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L .) seed oil as a naturally rich source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical purposes. Nutrire, 1–7.
38. Yousaf, S., Hussain, A., Rehman, S., Aslam, M. S., & Abbas, Z. (2016). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lactobacillus fermentum, fruit extracts of Syzygium cumini and Momordica charantia on diabetes induced mice. Pakisthan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 29(5), 1535–1540.
Published
23/09/2023
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Anil, A. K., and K. Samanta. “Momordica Charantia (bitter gourd), a Potent Antidiabetic Phytomedicine”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Vol. 4, no. 3, Sept. 2023, pp. 55-58, doi:10.46796/ijpc.v4i3.492.
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