A review on chemistry, therapeutic applications, extraction & purification of bromelain
Abstract
This review focused on the usage of bromelain in numerous applications, as well as the most recent literature on the chemistry, extraction, and purification of bromelain from pineapple (Ananas comosus). Bromelain is a crude, aqueous extract obtained from the stems and fruits of pineapple, leading edible member of the family Bromeliaceae. Bromelain contains a mixture of different thiol endopeptidases as well as phosphatases, glucosidases, peroxidases, cellulases, & glycoproteins. It exerts its enzymatic activity over a PH range 4.5 – 9.5. The isolation & purification of bromelain has been done by various methods includes aqueous two-phase extraction, reverse micellar extraction, ultrafiltration & precipitation & chromatographic techniques. Bromelain, a cysteine protease, has found commercial use in a variety of industries including food, beverage, tenderization, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile. Bromelain act as an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oedematous, anti-thrombotic & anti-metastatic. Although the precise mechanism of action of bromelain has not been established, bromelain has received widespread acceptance as a phytotherapeutic agent due to its long history of safety and absence of adverse effects
Keywords:
Bromelain, Ananas comosus, Phytotherapeutic agent
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References
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2) Pavan R, Jain S, Kumar A. Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnology research international. 2012;2012.
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6) Ramli AN, Aznan TN, Illias RM. Bromelain: from production to commercialisation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2017 Mar;97(5):1386-95.
7) Ketnawa S, Chaiwut P, Rawdkuen S. Extraction of bromelain from pineapple peels. Food Science and Technology International. 2011 Aug;17(4):395-402.
8) Bhattacharyya BK. Bromelain: an overview.
9) Bala M, Ismail NA, Mel M, Jami MS, Salleh HM, Amid A. Bromelain production: current trends and perspective. Archives Des Sciences. 2012 Nov;65(11):369-99.
10) Ramli AN, Manas NH, Hamid AA, Hamid HA, Illias RM. Comparative structural analysis of fruit and stem bromelain from Ananas comosus. Food chemistry. 2018 Nov 15;266:183-91.
11) Kwatra B. A review on potential properties and therapeutic applications of bromelain. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019 Aug 27;8:488-500.
12) Harrach T, Eckert K, Schulze-Forster K, Nuck R, Grunow D, Maurer HR. Isolation and partial characterization of basic proteinases from stem bromelain. Journal of protein chemistry. 1995 Jan;14(1):41-52.
13) Harrach T, Eckert K, Maurer HR, Machleidt I, Machleidt W, Nuck R. Isolation and characterization of two forms of an acidic bromelain stem proteinase. Journal of Protein Chemistry. 1998 May;17(4):351-61.
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26) Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS. 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45.
27) Onken JE, Greer PK, Calingaert B, Hale LP. Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro. Clinical Immunology. 2008 Mar 1;126(3):345-52.
28) Hale LP, Haynes BF. Bromelain treatment of human T cells removes CD44, CD45RA, E2/MIC2, CD6, CD7, CD8, and Leu 8/LAM1 surface molecules and markedly enhances CD2-mediated T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology. 1992 Dec 15;149(12):3809-16.
29) Engwerda CR, Andrew D, Murphy M, Mynott TL. Bromelain activates murine macrophages and natural killer cells in vitro. Cellular immunology. 2001 May 25;210(1):5-10.
30) Chobotova K, Vernallis AB, Majid FA. Bromelain’s activity and potential as an anti-cancer agent: current evidence and perspectives. Cancer letters. 2010 Apr 28;290(2):148-56.
31) Desser L, Holomanova D, Zavadova E, Pavelka K, Mohr T, Herbacek I. Oral therapy with proteolytic enzymes decreases excessive TGF-β levels in human blood. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 2001 Jun 1;47(1):S10-5.
32) Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, Gottfried MR. Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Immunology. 2005 Aug 1;116(2):135-42.
33) Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jan 1;9(8):681-6.
34) Akhtar NM, Naseer R, Farooqi AZ, Aziz W, Nazir M. Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee–a double-blind prospective randomized study. Clinical rheumatology. 2004 Oct 1;23(5):410-5.
35) Kalra N, Bhui K, Roy P, Srivastava S, George J, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Regulation of p53, nuclear factor κB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2008 Jan 1;226(1):30-7.
36) Chang TC, Wei PL, Makondi PT, Chen WT, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Bromelain inhibits the ability of colorectal cancer cells to proliferate via activation of ROS production and autophagy. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 18;14(1):e0210274.
37) Báez R, Lopes MT, Salas CE, Hernandez M. In vivo antitumoral activity of stem pineapple (Ananas comosus) bromelain. Planta medica. 2007 Oct;73(13):1377-83.
38) Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R. Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications. Biomedical reports. 2016 Sep 1;5(3):283-8.
39) Kearney KJ, Butler J, Posada OM, Wilson C, Heal S, Ali M, Hardy L, Ahnström J, Gailani D, Foster R, Hethershaw E. Kallikrein directly interacts with and activates Factor IX, resulting in thrombin generation and fibrin formation independent of Factor XI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021 Jan 19;118(3).
40) Varilla C, Marcone M, Paiva L, Baptista J. Bromelain, a Group of Pineapple Proteolytic Complex Enzymes (Ananas comosus) and Their Possible Therapeutic and Clinical Effects. A Summary. Foods. 2021 Oct;10(10):2249.
41) Juhasz B, Thirunavukkarasu M, Pant R, Zhan L, Penumathsa SV, Secor Jr ER, Srivastava S, Raychaudhuri U, Menon VP, Otani H, Thrall RS. Bromelain induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt/FOXO pathway in rat myocardium. American journal of physiology-Heart and circulatory physiology. 2008 Mar;294(3):H1365-70.
42) Bahde R, Palmes D, Minin E, Stratmann U, Diller R, Haier J, Spiegel HU. Bromelain ameliorates hepatic microcirculation after warm ischemia. Journal of Surgical Research. 2007 May 1;139(1):88-96.
43) Mynott TL, Guandalini ST, Raimondi FR, Fasano AL. Bromelain prevents secretion caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jul 1;113(1):175-84.
44) Rakesh RL, Prasad A, Kumar D, Sankar M, Nasir A, Latchumikanthan A, Saini VK, Kushwaha B. In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of bromelain against goat gastrointestinal nematodes. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2016;30(2):68-74.
45) Mahajan S, Chandra V, Dave S, Nanduri R, Gupta P. Stem Bromelain–Induced Macrophage Apoptosis and Activation Curtail Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persistence. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2012 Aug 1;206(3):366-76.
46) Dighe NS, Pattan SR, Merekar AN, Laware RB, Bhawar SB, Nirmal SN, Gaware VM, Hole MB, Musmade DS. Bromelain a wonder supplement: a review. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;1(2):11-8.
47) Abbas S, Shanbhag T, Kothare A. Applications of bromelain from pineapple waste towards acne. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):1001-9.
48) Kritis P, Karampela I, Kokoris S, Dalamaga M. The combination of bromelain and curcumin as an immune-boosting nutraceutical in the prevention of severe COVID-19. Metabolism Open. 2020 Dec 1;8:100066.
49) Bayat S, Amiri N, Pishavar E, Kalalinia F, Movaffagh J, Hashemi M. Bromelain-loaded chitosan nanofibers prepared by electrospinning method for burn wound healing in animal models. Life sciences. 2019 Jul 15;229:57-66.
50) Rosenberg L, Krieger Y, Silberstein E, Arnon O, Sinelnikov IA, Bogdanov-Berezovsky A, Singer AJ. Selectivity of a bromelain based enzymatic debridement agent: a porcine study. Burns. 2012 Nov 1;38(7):1035-40.
51. Nor MZ, Ramchandran L, Duke M, Vasiljevic T. Characteristic properties of crude pineapple waste extract for bromelain purification by membrane processing. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015 Nov;52(11):7103-12.
52. Abreu DC, Figueiredo KC. Bromelain separation and purification processes from pineapple extract. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2019 Sep 30;36:1029-39.
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54. Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP. Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2014 Sep;98(17):7283-97.
55. Gani MB, Nasiri R, Almaki JH, Majid FA, Marvibaigi M, Amini N, Chermahini SH, Mashudin M. In vitro antiproliferative activity of fresh pineapple juices on ovarian and colon cancer cell lines. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics. 2015 Sep;21(3):353-64.
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57. Soares PA, Vaz AF, Correia MT, Pessoa Jr A, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG. Purification of bromelain from pineapple wastes by ethanol precipitation. Separation and purification technology. 2012 Sep 19;98:389-95.
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59. Abreu DC, Figueiredo KC. Bromelain separation and purification processes from pineapple extract. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2019 Sep 30;36:1029-39.
60. Zydney AL. Membrane technology for purification of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnology and bioengineering. 2009 Jun 1;103(2):227-30.
61. Teixeira AG, Agarwal R, Ko KR, Grant‐Burt J, Leung BM, Frampton JP. Emerging biotechnology applications of aqueous two‐phase systems. Advanced healthcare materials. 2018 Mar;7(6):1701036.
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2) Pavan R, Jain S, Kumar A. Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnology research international. 2012;2012.
3) de Lencastre Novaes LC, Jozala AF, Lopes AM, de Carvalho Santos‐Ebinuma V, Mazzola PG, Pessoa Junior A. Stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: A review. Biotechnology progress. 2016 Jan;32(1):5-13.
4) Doko MB, Bassani V, Casadebaig J, Cavailles L, Jacob M. Preparation of proteolytic enzyme extracts from Ananas comosus L., Merr. fruit juice using semipermeable membrane, ammonium sulfate extraction, centrifugation and freeze-drying processes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1991 Oct 15;76(3):199-206.
5) Corzo CA, Waliszewski KN, Welti-Chanes J. Pineapple fruit bromelain affinity to different protein substrates. Food Chemistry. 2012 Aug 1;133(3):631-5.
6) Ramli AN, Aznan TN, Illias RM. Bromelain: from production to commercialisation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2017 Mar;97(5):1386-95.
7) Ketnawa S, Chaiwut P, Rawdkuen S. Extraction of bromelain from pineapple peels. Food Science and Technology International. 2011 Aug;17(4):395-402.
8) Bhattacharyya BK. Bromelain: an overview.
9) Bala M, Ismail NA, Mel M, Jami MS, Salleh HM, Amid A. Bromelain production: current trends and perspective. Archives Des Sciences. 2012 Nov;65(11):369-99.
10) Ramli AN, Manas NH, Hamid AA, Hamid HA, Illias RM. Comparative structural analysis of fruit and stem bromelain from Ananas comosus. Food chemistry. 2018 Nov 15;266:183-91.
11) Kwatra B. A review on potential properties and therapeutic applications of bromelain. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019 Aug 27;8:488-500.
12) Harrach T, Eckert K, Schulze-Forster K, Nuck R, Grunow D, Maurer HR. Isolation and partial characterization of basic proteinases from stem bromelain. Journal of protein chemistry. 1995 Jan;14(1):41-52.
13) Harrach T, Eckert K, Maurer HR, Machleidt I, Machleidt W, Nuck R. Isolation and characterization of two forms of an acidic bromelain stem proteinase. Journal of Protein Chemistry. 1998 May;17(4):351-61.
14) Chakraborty AJ, Mitra S, Tallei TE, Tareq AM, Nainu F, Cicia D, Dhama K, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J, Capasso R. Bromelain a potential bioactive compound: a comprehensive overview from a pharmacological perspective. Life. 2021 Apr;11(4):317.
15) Xue Y, Wu CY, Branford-White CJ, Ning X, Nie HL, Zhu LM. Chemical modification of stem bromelain with anhydride groups to enhance its stability and catalytic activity. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 2010 May 1;63(3-4):188-93.
16) Dave S, Mahajan S, Chandra V, Gupta P. Trifluoroethanol stabilizes the molten globule state and induces non-amyloidic turbidity in stem bromelain near its isoelectric point. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2011 Nov 1;49(4):536-42.
17) Ahmad B, Ansari MA, Sen P, Khan RH. Low versus high molecular weight poly (ethylene glycol)‐induced states of stem bromelain at low pH: Stabilization of molten globule and unfolded states. Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules. 2006 Apr 5;81(5):350-9.
18) Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002 Dec;420(6917):860-7.
19) Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-κB: a friend or a foe in cancer?. Biochemical pharmacology. 2004 Sep 15;68(6):1071-80.
20) Crofford LJ, Tan B, McCarthy CJ, Hla T. Involvement of nuclear factor kB in the regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression by interleukin‐1 in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1997 Feb;40(2):226-36.
21) Wang D, DuBois RN. The role of prostaglandin E2 in tumor-associated immunosuppression. Trends in molecular medicine. 2016 Jan 1;22(1):1-3.
22) Massimiliano R, Pietro R, Paolo S, Sara P, Michele F. Role of bromelain in the treatment of patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica. Journal of dermatological treatment. 2007 Jan 1;18(4):219-22.
23) Kelly GS. Bromelain: a literature review and discussion of its therapeutic applications. InAlternative Medicine Review 1996.
24) Mynott TL, Ladhams A, Scarmato P, Engwerda CR. Bromelain, from pineapple stems, proteolytically blocks activation of extracellular regulated kinase-2 in T cells. The Journal of Immunology. 1999 Sep 1;163(5):2568-75.
25) Tochi BN, Wang Z, Xu SY, Zhang W. Therapeutic application of pineapple protease (bromelain): a review. Pakistan journal of nutrition. 2008;7(4):513-20.
26) Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS. 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45.
27) Onken JE, Greer PK, Calingaert B, Hale LP. Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro. Clinical Immunology. 2008 Mar 1;126(3):345-52.
28) Hale LP, Haynes BF. Bromelain treatment of human T cells removes CD44, CD45RA, E2/MIC2, CD6, CD7, CD8, and Leu 8/LAM1 surface molecules and markedly enhances CD2-mediated T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology. 1992 Dec 15;149(12):3809-16.
29) Engwerda CR, Andrew D, Murphy M, Mynott TL. Bromelain activates murine macrophages and natural killer cells in vitro. Cellular immunology. 2001 May 25;210(1):5-10.
30) Chobotova K, Vernallis AB, Majid FA. Bromelain’s activity and potential as an anti-cancer agent: current evidence and perspectives. Cancer letters. 2010 Apr 28;290(2):148-56.
31) Desser L, Holomanova D, Zavadova E, Pavelka K, Mohr T, Herbacek I. Oral therapy with proteolytic enzymes decreases excessive TGF-β levels in human blood. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 2001 Jun 1;47(1):S10-5.
32) Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, Gottfried MR. Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Immunology. 2005 Aug 1;116(2):135-42.
33) Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jan 1;9(8):681-6.
34) Akhtar NM, Naseer R, Farooqi AZ, Aziz W, Nazir M. Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee–a double-blind prospective randomized study. Clinical rheumatology. 2004 Oct 1;23(5):410-5.
35) Kalra N, Bhui K, Roy P, Srivastava S, George J, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Regulation of p53, nuclear factor κB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2008 Jan 1;226(1):30-7.
36) Chang TC, Wei PL, Makondi PT, Chen WT, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Bromelain inhibits the ability of colorectal cancer cells to proliferate via activation of ROS production and autophagy. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 18;14(1):e0210274.
37) Báez R, Lopes MT, Salas CE, Hernandez M. In vivo antitumoral activity of stem pineapple (Ananas comosus) bromelain. Planta medica. 2007 Oct;73(13):1377-83.
38) Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R. Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications. Biomedical reports. 2016 Sep 1;5(3):283-8.
39) Kearney KJ, Butler J, Posada OM, Wilson C, Heal S, Ali M, Hardy L, Ahnström J, Gailani D, Foster R, Hethershaw E. Kallikrein directly interacts with and activates Factor IX, resulting in thrombin generation and fibrin formation independent of Factor XI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021 Jan 19;118(3).
40) Varilla C, Marcone M, Paiva L, Baptista J. Bromelain, a Group of Pineapple Proteolytic Complex Enzymes (Ananas comosus) and Their Possible Therapeutic and Clinical Effects. A Summary. Foods. 2021 Oct;10(10):2249.
41) Juhasz B, Thirunavukkarasu M, Pant R, Zhan L, Penumathsa SV, Secor Jr ER, Srivastava S, Raychaudhuri U, Menon VP, Otani H, Thrall RS. Bromelain induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt/FOXO pathway in rat myocardium. American journal of physiology-Heart and circulatory physiology. 2008 Mar;294(3):H1365-70.
42) Bahde R, Palmes D, Minin E, Stratmann U, Diller R, Haier J, Spiegel HU. Bromelain ameliorates hepatic microcirculation after warm ischemia. Journal of Surgical Research. 2007 May 1;139(1):88-96.
43) Mynott TL, Guandalini ST, Raimondi FR, Fasano AL. Bromelain prevents secretion caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jul 1;113(1):175-84.
44) Rakesh RL, Prasad A, Kumar D, Sankar M, Nasir A, Latchumikanthan A, Saini VK, Kushwaha B. In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of bromelain against goat gastrointestinal nematodes. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2016;30(2):68-74.
45) Mahajan S, Chandra V, Dave S, Nanduri R, Gupta P. Stem Bromelain–Induced Macrophage Apoptosis and Activation Curtail Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persistence. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2012 Aug 1;206(3):366-76.
46) Dighe NS, Pattan SR, Merekar AN, Laware RB, Bhawar SB, Nirmal SN, Gaware VM, Hole MB, Musmade DS. Bromelain a wonder supplement: a review. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;1(2):11-8.
47) Abbas S, Shanbhag T, Kothare A. Applications of bromelain from pineapple waste towards acne. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):1001-9.
48) Kritis P, Karampela I, Kokoris S, Dalamaga M. The combination of bromelain and curcumin as an immune-boosting nutraceutical in the prevention of severe COVID-19. Metabolism Open. 2020 Dec 1;8:100066.
49) Bayat S, Amiri N, Pishavar E, Kalalinia F, Movaffagh J, Hashemi M. Bromelain-loaded chitosan nanofibers prepared by electrospinning method for burn wound healing in animal models. Life sciences. 2019 Jul 15;229:57-66.
50) Rosenberg L, Krieger Y, Silberstein E, Arnon O, Sinelnikov IA, Bogdanov-Berezovsky A, Singer AJ. Selectivity of a bromelain based enzymatic debridement agent: a porcine study. Burns. 2012 Nov 1;38(7):1035-40.
51. Nor MZ, Ramchandran L, Duke M, Vasiljevic T. Characteristic properties of crude pineapple waste extract for bromelain purification by membrane processing. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015 Nov;52(11):7103-12.
52. Abreu DC, Figueiredo KC. Bromelain separation and purification processes from pineapple extract. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2019 Sep 30;36:1029-39.
53. Regupathi I, Prasanna BD. Reverse Micellar Extraction of Lactoferrin from Whey (Doctoral dissertation).
54. Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP. Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2014 Sep;98(17):7283-97.
55. Gani MB, Nasiri R, Almaki JH, Majid FA, Marvibaigi M, Amini N, Chermahini SH, Mashudin M. In vitro antiproliferative activity of fresh pineapple juices on ovarian and colon cancer cell lines. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics. 2015 Sep;21(3):353-64.
56. Devakate RV, Patil VV, Waje SS, Thorat BN. Purification and drying of bromelain. Separation and Purification Technology. 2009 Jan 12;64(3):259-64.
57. Soares PA, Vaz AF, Correia MT, Pessoa Jr A, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG. Purification of bromelain from pineapple wastes by ethanol precipitation. Separation and purification technology. 2012 Sep 19;98:389-95.
58. Kumar S, Jyotirmayee K, Sarangi M. Thin layer chromatography: a tool of biotechnology for isolation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2013 Jan;18(1):126-32.
59. Abreu DC, Figueiredo KC. Bromelain separation and purification processes from pineapple extract. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2019 Sep 30;36:1029-39.
60. Zydney AL. Membrane technology for purification of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnology and bioengineering. 2009 Jun 1;103(2):227-30.
61. Teixeira AG, Agarwal R, Ko KR, Grant‐Burt J, Leung BM, Frampton JP. Emerging biotechnology applications of aqueous two‐phase systems. Advanced healthcare materials. 2018 Mar;7(6):1701036.
62. Nor, M.Z.M.,Ramachandran, L., Duke,M., Vasilijevic,T. Application of membrane based technology for purification of bromelain.lnt. Food Res.J ., 24, 1685- 1696 (2017a)
63. Manzoor Z, Nawaz A, Mukhtar H, Haq I. Bromelain: Methods of extraction, purification and therapeutic applications. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2016 May 6;59.
64. Malik MA, Hashim MA, Nabi F, Al-Thabaiti SA, Khan Z. Anti-corrosion ability of surfactants: a review. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2011 Jun 1;6(6):1927-48.
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21/03/2022
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Nelson, A., A. Peter, and F. Saju. “A Review on Chemistry, Therapeutic Applications, Extraction & Purification of Bromelain”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Vol. 3, no. 1, Mar. 2022, pp. 25-33, doi:10.46796/ijpc.v3i1.297.
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