THE TOXIC EFFECT OF DI- (2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE ON TESTES ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN ADULT MALE RABBITS
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is broadly utilized as a plasticizer in numerous items, particularly therapeutic gadgets, furniture materials, beauty care products, and individual care items. DEHP is non covalently bound to plastics, and so, it'll filter out of these items after rehashed utilize, warming, and/or cleaning of the items. Due to the manhandle of DEHP in various things, it enters and sullies the environment through release from mechanical settings and plastic waste exchange goals. DEHP can enter the body through inward breath, ingestion, and dermal contact on a day by day premise, which has raised a few concerns around its security and its potential impacts on human wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to investigate Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) to induce testes antioxidant and enzyme activities in adult male rabbits following oral exposure (3 months). Ten male New Zealand white rabbit randomly into two groups: (1): control group and (2): Rabbits were treated daily with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by gavage at a dose of 500 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of DEHP lethal dose. Treatment with DEHP resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities LDH, of testes homogenates AST ALT and TBARS, while ALP, AcP, GSH, GPx, GST, SOD and CAT in testes homogenates was significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with control group.
Keywords:
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, Antioxidant, enzyme activities, New-Zealand white rabbits
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References
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15. Dalsenter, P. R.; Santana, G. M.; Grande, S. W.; Andrade, A. J. M. and Araujo, S. L. (2006): "Phathalate affects the reproductive function and sexual behavior of male Wistar rats". Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2: 297-303.
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21. [Mishra, H. P. and Fridovich, I. (1972): "The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase". J. Biolog. Chem., 247: 3170-3175.
22. Tappel, A. L. and Zalkin, H. (1959): "Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mitochondria by vitamin E". Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 80: 333-336.
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24. Skakkebaek, N. E; Rajpert-De Meyts, . E. Buck Louis ,G. M. et al. ( 2015). "Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility". Physiological Reviews, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 55–97.
25. Mathur P. P. and D'Cruz, S, C. (2011). "The effect of environmental contaminants on testicular function". Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 585–591.
26. Li, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, S.; Yao, W.; Li, L. and Shi X. (2001): "Effect of Cr(VI) exposure on sperm quality: human and animal studies". Ann. Occup. Hyg., 45:505–11.
27. Khuda-Bukhsh, A. R.; Pathak, S.; Guha, B.; Karmakar, S. R.; Das, J.;K.; Banerjee, P.; Biswas, S. J.; Mukherjee, P.; Bhattacharjee, N.; Choudhury, S. C.; Banerjee, A.; Bhadra, S.; Mallick, P.; Chakrabarti1, J. and Mandal, B. (2005): "Can homeopathic arsenic remedy combat arsenic poisoning in humans exposed to groundwater arsenic contamination: A preliminary report on first human trial., 2 (4): 537-548.
28. Rahman, M. F.; Siddiqui, M. K. and Jamil, K. (2000): "Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-11) treated male and female rats". Evidence of dose and time-dependent response. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 23: 497-509.
29. Adeyemi, O.; Ajayi, J. O.; Olajuyin, A. M.; Oloyede, O. B.; Oladiji, A. T.; Oluba, O. M.; Adeyemi, O.; Ololade, I. A. and Adebayo, E. A. (2009): "Toxicological Evaluation of the Effect of Water Contaminated with Lead, Phenol and Benzene on Liver, Kidney and Colon of Albino Rats". J. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 47:885-887.
30. Adeyemi, O.; Oloyede, O. B and Oladiji, A. T. (2008): "Biochemical evaluation ofoxidative damage induced by leachate contaminated groundwater on selected tissues of rats. Int. J. Toxicol., 4(2): 1-7.
31. Cajaraville, M.P., M.J. Bebianno, J. Blasco, C. Porte,C. Sarasquete and A. Viarengo, (2000): "The use of biomarkers to assess the impact of pollution incoastal environments of the Iberian Peninsula: apractical approach". Sci. Total Environ., 247: 295-311.
32. Blasco, J.; Puppo, J. and Sarasquete, C. (1993): "Acidand alkaline phosphatase activities in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum". Mar. Biol., 115: 113-118.
33. Ram, R. and Sathayanesan, G. A. (1985): "Mercuricchloride, cythion and ammonium sulfate inducedchanges in the brain, liver and ovarian alkaline phosphatase content in the fish Channa puntactus".Environ. Ecol., 3: 263-268.
34. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M. (2000): "Aminotransferases. In: Principles of Biochemistry 3rded". Worth Publisher. NY. pp. 628-632.
35. Parmar, D. Srivastava, S. P. and Seth, P. K. (1986): "Effect of di(ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on spermatogenesis in adul rats". Toxicol., 42: 47-55.
36. Danyelle, T. M. and Kenneth, T. D. (2003):"The role of glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance". Oncogene 22 (47): 7369-7375.
37. Usoh, I. F.; Akpan, E. J.; Etim, E. O. and Farombi, E. O. (2005): "Antioxidant Actions of Dried Flower Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. On Sodium Arsenite - Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats". Pakistan J. Nutr., 4 (3): 135-141.
38. Ramanathan, K.; Balakumar, B. S. and Panneerselvam, C. (2002): "Effects of ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol on arsenic-induced oxidative stress". Human Exp. Toxicol., 21 (12): 675-680.
39. Acharya, U. R.; Mishra, M.; Mishra, I.; Tripathy, R. R. (2004): "Potential role of vitamins in chromium induced spermatogenesis in Swiss mice". Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 15:53–59.
2. Tickner, J. A.; Schettler, T.; Guidotti, T.; McCally, M. and Rossi, M. (2001): "Health risks posed by use of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices": a critical review. Am. J. Ind. Med., 39(1): 100-111.
3. Bizzari, S. N.; Blagoev, M. and Kishi, A. (2007): "Plasticizers. In Chemical Economics Hand book". Menlo Park, CA: SRI Consulting. Online edition., 148 pp.
4. Grattagliano, I.; Palmieri, V. O.; Portincasa, P.; Moschetta, A. and Palasciano, G. (2008): "Oxidative stress-induced risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome: a unifying hypothesis". J. Nutr. Biochem., 19: 491-504.
5. Bebe, F. N. and Panemangalore, M. (2005): "Pesticides andnessential minerals modify endogenous antioxidants and cytochrome P450 in tissues of rats". 1. Environ. Sci. Health B., 40: 769-784.
6. Suna, S.; Yamaguchi, F.; Kimura, S.; Tokuda, M. and Jitsunari, F. (2007): "Preventive effect of D-psicose, one of rare ketohexoses, on di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced testicular Injury in rat". Toxicol. Lett., 173: 107- 17.
7. Kasahara, E.; Bato, E. F.; Miyoshi, M.; Konaka, R.; Hiramoto, K.; Sasaki, J.; To]mda, M.; Nakano, Y. and Inoue, M. (2002): "Role of oxidative stress in germ cell apoptosis induced by di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate". Biochem. J., 365: 849-856.
8. Onorato, T. M.; Brown, P. W. and Morris, P.L. (2008): "Mono-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate Increases spermatocyte mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 and cyclooxygenase 2". J. Androl., 29: 293-303.
9. Badr, M. F. (1992): "Induction of peroxisomal enzyme activities by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in thyroidectomized rats with parathyroid replants". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 263:1105-1110.
10. Furukawa, K.; Numoto, S.; Furuya, K.; Furukawa, N. T. and Williams, G. M. (1985): "Effects of the hepatocarcinogen nafenopin, a peroxisome proliferator, on the activities of rat liver glutathione- requiring enzymes and catalase in comparison to the action of Phenobarbital". Cancer Res., 45: 5011-5019.
11. Reddy, J. K. (1990): "Carcinogenicity of peroxisome proliferators: evaluation and mechanisms". Biochem. Soc. Trans., 18: 92-94.
12. Pereira, C.; Mapuskar, K. and Rao, C.V. (2008): "Effect of diethyl phthalate on rat testicular antioxidant system: A dose-dependent toxicity study". Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 90:52-57.
13. Lenzi, A.; Picardo, M.; Gandini, L.; Lombardo, F.; Terminali, O.; Passi, S. and Dondero, F. (1994): "Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process". Hum. Reprod., 9: 2044-2050.
14. Farombi, E. O.; Abarikwu, S. O.; Adedara I.A. and Oyeyemi, M. O. (2007): "Curcumin and kolaviron ameliorate di-n-butylphthalate-induced testicular damage in rats". Basic Clin. Phrmacol. Toxicol., 100:43-48.
15. Dalsenter, P. R.; Santana, G. M.; Grande, S. W.; Andrade, A. J. M. and Araujo, S. L. (2006): "Phathalate affects the reproductive function and sexual behavior of male Wistar rats". Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2: 297-303.
16. Song, X. F.; Deng, Y. J.; Zhang, D. Y.; Liu, X.; Wu, S. D. and Wei, G. H. (2009): "Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the testis and testicular gubernaculums of fetal KM mice (Abstr). Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue., 15: 195-99.
17. Reitman, S. and Frankel. S. (1957): "A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalocetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases". An. J. Clin. Path., 26: 56-63.
18. Cabaud, P. C. and Wroblewski, F. (1958): "Calorimetric measurement of lactate dehydrogenase activity of body fluids". J. Clin. Pathol., 30: 234-236.
19. Habig, W. H.; Pabst, M. J. and Jakoby, W. B. (1974): "Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation". J. Biol. Chem., 249: 7130-7139.
20. Luck, H. (1974): "Catalase. In: Bergmayer, M.V. (Ed.), Method of Enzymatic Analysis". Verlag Chemic. Academic Press, New York pp. 885- 890.
21. [Mishra, H. P. and Fridovich, I. (1972): "The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase". J. Biolog. Chem., 247: 3170-3175.
22. Tappel, A. L. and Zalkin, H. (1959): "Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mitochondria by vitamin E". Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 80: 333-336.
23. Perobelli, J. E. ( 2014): "The male peripubertal phase as a developmental window for reproductive toxicology studies,".Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 20, no. 34, pp. 5398–5415.
24. Skakkebaek, N. E; Rajpert-De Meyts, . E. Buck Louis ,G. M. et al. ( 2015). "Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility". Physiological Reviews, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 55–97.
25. Mathur P. P. and D'Cruz, S, C. (2011). "The effect of environmental contaminants on testicular function". Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 585–591.
26. Li, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, S.; Yao, W.; Li, L. and Shi X. (2001): "Effect of Cr(VI) exposure on sperm quality: human and animal studies". Ann. Occup. Hyg., 45:505–11.
27. Khuda-Bukhsh, A. R.; Pathak, S.; Guha, B.; Karmakar, S. R.; Das, J.;K.; Banerjee, P.; Biswas, S. J.; Mukherjee, P.; Bhattacharjee, N.; Choudhury, S. C.; Banerjee, A.; Bhadra, S.; Mallick, P.; Chakrabarti1, J. and Mandal, B. (2005): "Can homeopathic arsenic remedy combat arsenic poisoning in humans exposed to groundwater arsenic contamination: A preliminary report on first human trial., 2 (4): 537-548.
28. Rahman, M. F.; Siddiqui, M. K. and Jamil, K. (2000): "Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-11) treated male and female rats". Evidence of dose and time-dependent response. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 23: 497-509.
29. Adeyemi, O.; Ajayi, J. O.; Olajuyin, A. M.; Oloyede, O. B.; Oladiji, A. T.; Oluba, O. M.; Adeyemi, O.; Ololade, I. A. and Adebayo, E. A. (2009): "Toxicological Evaluation of the Effect of Water Contaminated with Lead, Phenol and Benzene on Liver, Kidney and Colon of Albino Rats". J. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 47:885-887.
30. Adeyemi, O.; Oloyede, O. B and Oladiji, A. T. (2008): "Biochemical evaluation ofoxidative damage induced by leachate contaminated groundwater on selected tissues of rats. Int. J. Toxicol., 4(2): 1-7.
31. Cajaraville, M.P., M.J. Bebianno, J. Blasco, C. Porte,C. Sarasquete and A. Viarengo, (2000): "The use of biomarkers to assess the impact of pollution incoastal environments of the Iberian Peninsula: apractical approach". Sci. Total Environ., 247: 295-311.
32. Blasco, J.; Puppo, J. and Sarasquete, C. (1993): "Acidand alkaline phosphatase activities in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum". Mar. Biol., 115: 113-118.
33. Ram, R. and Sathayanesan, G. A. (1985): "Mercuricchloride, cythion and ammonium sulfate inducedchanges in the brain, liver and ovarian alkaline phosphatase content in the fish Channa puntactus".Environ. Ecol., 3: 263-268.
34. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M. (2000): "Aminotransferases. In: Principles of Biochemistry 3rded". Worth Publisher. NY. pp. 628-632.
35. Parmar, D. Srivastava, S. P. and Seth, P. K. (1986): "Effect of di(ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on spermatogenesis in adul rats". Toxicol., 42: 47-55.
36. Danyelle, T. M. and Kenneth, T. D. (2003):"The role of glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance". Oncogene 22 (47): 7369-7375.
37. Usoh, I. F.; Akpan, E. J.; Etim, E. O. and Farombi, E. O. (2005): "Antioxidant Actions of Dried Flower Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. On Sodium Arsenite - Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats". Pakistan J. Nutr., 4 (3): 135-141.
38. Ramanathan, K.; Balakumar, B. S. and Panneerselvam, C. (2002): "Effects of ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol on arsenic-induced oxidative stress". Human Exp. Toxicol., 21 (12): 675-680.
39. Acharya, U. R.; Mishra, M.; Mishra, I.; Tripathy, R. R. (2004): "Potential role of vitamins in chromium induced spermatogenesis in Swiss mice". Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 15:53–59.
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31/12/2020
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Tariq A. M. tyeb, and Fayrouz. A. khaled. “THE TOXIC EFFECT OF DI- (2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE ON TESTES ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN ADULT MALE RABBITS”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Dec. 2020, pp. 55-62, https://saapjournals.org/index.php/ijpc/article/view/125.
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