A review about invitro anti-diabetic activity of scopoletin
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, and controlling blood glucose levels is a key strategy in managing the condition and preventing its complications. One therapeutic approach involves the use of drugs that inhibit enzymes responsible for carbohydrate digestion, as well as agents that reduce glucose absorption from the bloodstream. This study aimed to investigate, through in vitro experiments, whether scopoletin could inhibit the activity of key carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The results demonstrated that scopoletin significantly inhibited both α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity, indicating its potential antidiabetic properties. In addition to its antidiabetic effects, scopoletin is also known for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties.
Keywords:
Scopoletin, Diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase inhibition, α-amylase inhibition, Antidiabetic activity, Carbohydrate metabolism
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References
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2. MedicineNet. Diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Available from: www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus
3. Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G. Soybean phenolic‑rich extracts inhibit key‑enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme) in vitro. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013;65(3):305‑9.
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7. Ojewole JA, Adesina SK. Mechanism of the Hypotensive Effect of Scopoletin Isolated from the Fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Planta Medica. 1983;49:46‑50.
8. Capra JC, Cunha MP, Machado DG, Zomkowski ADE, Mendes BG, Santos AR, Pizzolatti MG, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant‑like effect of scopoletin, a coumarin isolated from Polygala sabulosa (Polygalaceae) in mice: Evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;643:232‑8.
9. Pan R, Dai Y, Yang J, Li Y, Yao X, Xia Y. Anti‑angiogenic Potential of Scopoletin is Associated with the Inhibition of ERK1/2 Activation. Drug Dev Res. 2009;70:214‑19.
10. Carpinella MC, Ferrayoli CG, Palacios SM. Antifungal Synergistic Effect of Scopoletin, a Hydroxycoumarin Isolated from Melia azedarach L. Fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:2922‑7.
11. Miller D, Sutcliffe R, Thauvette J. Stainer stain formation in hardwoods: isolation of scopoletin from sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Wood Sci Technol. 1990;24:339‑44.
12. Sharma B, Dangash A, Pandya N. Estimation of scopoletin content in commercially extracted leaves of medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. using HPTLC. Int J Pharmacogn. 2019;6:273‑6.
13. Yue Y, Zeng L, Wang X, Su L, Sun M, Wu B, et al. Loading of AgNPs onto the surface of boron nitride nanosheets for determination of scopoletin in Atractylodes macrocephala. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3864.
14. Sethiya NK, Trivedi A, Mishra SH. Rapid validated high performance thin layer chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin in Canscora decussata (South Indian Shankhpushpi) extract. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2015;25:193‑8.
15. Nahata A, Sethiya NK, Jain N, Dixit VK. Analysis of scopoletin and mangiferin in botanicals and formulations of Shankhpushpi by HPLC. Herba Pol. 2018;64:54‑62.
16. Schmeda‑Hirschmann G, Jordan M, Gerth A, Hormazabal E, Tapia AA, Wilken D. Secondary metabolite content in Fabiana imbricata plants and in vitro cultures. Z Naturforsch C Biosci. 2004;59:48‑54.
17. Prats E, Bazzalo ME, León A, Jorrín JV. Fungitoxic effect of scopoletin and related coumarins on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Euphytica. 2006;147:451‑60.
18. Napiroon T, Bacher M, Balslev H, Tawaitakham K, Santimaleeworagun W, Vajrodaya S. Scopoletin from Lasianthus lucidus Blume (Rubiaceae): a potential antimicrobial against multidrug‑resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2018;8:1‑6.
19. Carpinella MC, Ferrayoli CG, Palacios SM. Antifungal synergistic effect of scopoletin, a hydroxycoumarin isolated from Melia azedarach L. fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:2922‑7.
20. Mofokeng M, Prinsloo G, Araya H, du Plooy C, Sathekge N, Amoo S, et al. Yield and metabolite production of Pelargonium sidoides DC. in response to irrigation and nitrogen management. Metabolites. 2020;10:219.
21. Rollinger JM, Hornick A, Langer T, Stuppner H, Prast H. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of scopolin and scopoletin discovered by virtual screening of natural products. J Med Chem. 2004;47:6248‑54.
22. Nowak S, Dzido TH, Soczewiński E, Wolbiś M. Quantitative determination of coumarins, flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the leaves and underground parts of some species of genus Scopolia Jacq. Acta Pol Pharm – Drug Res. 2002;59:259‑63.
23. Bekhterev VN, Malyarovskaya VI. Rapid HPLC method for scopoletine determination in Weigela leaves based on one‑step sample preparation by extractive freezing‑out. Mendeleev Commun. 2019;29:592‑4.
24. Matsumoto S, Mizutani M, Sakata K, Shimizu B‑I. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the ortho‑hydroxylases of p‑coumaroyl CoA/feruloyl CoA involved in formation of umbelliferone and scopoletin in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Phytochemistry. 2012;74:49‑57.
25. Gnonlonfin BGJ, Gbaguidi F, Gbenou JD, Sanni A, Brimer L. Changes in scopoletin concentration in cassava chips from four varieties during storage. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:2344‑7.
26. Njankouo Ndam Y, Nyegue MA, Mounjouenpou P, Kansci G, Kenfack MJ, Eugène EE. LC‑MS quantification of scopoletin in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties, local derived foods, and activity on some food spoilage fungi. J Food Process Preserv. 2020;44:e14387.
27. Parra C, Soto E, León G, Salas CO, Heinrich M, Echiburú‑Chau C. Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and isolation of scopoletin from Senecio nutans: support of ancestral and new uses. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32:719‑22.
28. Lagunas‑Herrera H, Tortoriello J, Herrera‑Ruiz M, Martínez‑Henández GB, Zamilpa A, Santamaría LA, et al. Acute and chronic antihypertensive effect of fractions, tiliroside and scopoletin from Malva parviflora. Biol Pharm Bull. 2019;42:18‑25.
29. Wan Osman WN, Lau SF, Mohamed S. Scopoletin‑standardized Morinda elliptica leaf extract suppressed inflammation and cartilage degradation to alleviate osteoarthritis: a preclinical study. Phytother Res. 2017;31:1954‑61.
30. Lewis Lujan LM, Asanga I, Bernard S, Rivera‑Castaneda EG, Gil‑Salido AA, Acosta‑Silva AL, et al. Nutritional and Phenolic composition of Morinda citrifolia L.(Noni) fruit at different ripeness stages and seasonal patterns harvested in Nayarit, Mexico. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;3:421‑9.
31. Laphookhieo S, Phungpanya C, Tantapakul C, Techa S, Tha‑in S, Narmdorkmai W. Chemical constituents from Aegle marmelos. J Braz Chem Soc. 2011;22:176‑8.
32. Vyas N, Raval M, Patel N. Quantitative estimation of scopoletin from Argyreia speciosa (L. f.) sweet by a validated high performance thin layer chromatographic method. Sep Sci Plus. 2020;3:362‑8.
33. Jamuna S, Karthika K, Paulsamy S, Thenmozhi K, Kathiravan S, Venkatesh R. Confertin and scopoletin from leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata have anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Ind Crop Prod. 2015;70:221‑30.
34. Tabana YM, Hassan LEA, Ahamed MBK, Dahham SS, Iqbal MA, Saeed MAA, et al. Scopoletin, an active principle of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) inhibits human tumor vascularization in xenograft models and modulates ERK1, VEGF‑A, and FGF‑2 in computer model. Microvasc Res. 2016;107:17‑33.
35. Ai J, Leng A, Gao X, Zhang W, Li D, Xu L, et al. HPLC determination of the eight constituents in Portulaca oleracea L. from different locations. Eur J Med Plants. 2015;5:156‑64.
36. Liu J, Feng Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang P. Rare biscoumarins and a chlorogenic acid derivative from Erycibe obtusifolia. Phytochemistry. 2007;68:1775‑80.
37. Wang S, Tang F, Yue Y, Yao X, Wei Q, Yu J. Simultaneous determination of 12 coumarins in bamboo leaves by HPLC. J AOAC Int. 2013;96:942‑6.
38. Fu C, Yu P, Wang M, Qiu F. Phytochemical analysis and geographic assessment of flavonoids, coumarins and sesquiterpenes in Artemisia annua L. based on HPLC‑DAD quantification and LC‑ESI‑QTOF‑MS/MS confirmation. Food Chem. 2020;312:126070.
39. Choi BR, Kumar SK, Zhao C, Zhang LT, Kim CY, Lee SW, et al. Additive effects of Artemisia capillaris extract and scopoletin on the relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Int J Impot Res. 2015;27:225‑32.
40. Liu T, Li XG, Wang JY, Liu DL, Wei YJ. Time‑resolved fluorescence and chemometrics‑assisted excitation–emission fluorescence for qualitative and quantitative analysis of scopoletin and scopolin in Erycibe obtusifolia Benth. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019;219:96‑103.
41. Usman H, Ullah MA, Jan H, Siddiquah A, Drouet S, Anjum S, et al. Interactive effects of wide‑spectrum monochromatic lights on phytochemical production, antioxidant and biological activities of Solanum xanthocarpum callus cultures. Molecules. 2020;25:2201. Wang L, Wu HL, Yin XL, Hu Y, Gu HW, Yu RQ. Simultaneous determination of umbelliferone and scopoletin in Tibetan medicine Saussurea laniceps and traditional Chinese medicine Radix angelicae pubescentis using excitation‑emission matrix fluorescence coupled with second‑order calibration method. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2017;170:104‑10.
42. Li W, Lin Y, Wang Y, Hong B. Development of a matrix solid‑phase dispersion extraction combined with UPLC/Q‑TOF‑MS for determination of phenolics and terpenoids from the Euphorbia fischeriana. Molecules. 2017;22:1524.
43. Matsui T, et al. Inhibitory effect of scopoletin on α‑glucosidase and its mechanism. J Med Food. 2009;12(6):1361‑5.
44. Miyazaki T, Nagaoka M. Scopoletin: A natural product with potential therapeutic effects. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(5):887‑92.
45. Guan H, et al. Inhibition of α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase activities by scopoletin: Implications for diabetes management. J Med Food. 2013;16(12):1071‑8.
46. Cai X, et al. Scopoletin inhibits α‑amylase activity: An in vitro study. Food Chem. 2017;220:391‑7.
47. Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Genesis Publishing; 1925.
48. Zhang Z, et al. Analysis of enzyme inhibition using a dose‑response model. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2010;25(1):1‑6.
49. Khan MA, et al. Competitive inhibition of carbohydrate‑hydrolyzing enzymes by scopoletin: Mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic applications. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):123.
50. Huang Y, et al. Scopoletin as a potent inhibitor of α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase: Insights into its mechanism of action. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(35):9677‑85.
2. MedicineNet. Diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Available from: www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus
3. Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G. Soybean phenolic‑rich extracts inhibit key‑enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme) in vitro. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013;65(3):305‑9.
4. ChemicalLand21. Scopoletin [Internet]. Available from: chemicalland21.com/lifescience/phar/SCOPOLETIN
5. Zhion. Phytonutrients: Scopoletin [Internet]. Available from: www.zhion.com/phytonutrients/Scopoletin
6. Shaw CY, Chen CH, Hsu C‑C, Chen CC, Tsai Y‑C. Antioxidant Properties of Scopoletin Isolated from Sinomonium acutum. Phytother Res. 2003;17:823‑5.
7. Ojewole JA, Adesina SK. Mechanism of the Hypotensive Effect of Scopoletin Isolated from the Fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Planta Medica. 1983;49:46‑50.
8. Capra JC, Cunha MP, Machado DG, Zomkowski ADE, Mendes BG, Santos AR, Pizzolatti MG, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant‑like effect of scopoletin, a coumarin isolated from Polygala sabulosa (Polygalaceae) in mice: Evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;643:232‑8.
9. Pan R, Dai Y, Yang J, Li Y, Yao X, Xia Y. Anti‑angiogenic Potential of Scopoletin is Associated with the Inhibition of ERK1/2 Activation. Drug Dev Res. 2009;70:214‑19.
10. Carpinella MC, Ferrayoli CG, Palacios SM. Antifungal Synergistic Effect of Scopoletin, a Hydroxycoumarin Isolated from Melia azedarach L. Fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:2922‑7.
11. Miller D, Sutcliffe R, Thauvette J. Stainer stain formation in hardwoods: isolation of scopoletin from sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Wood Sci Technol. 1990;24:339‑44.
12. Sharma B, Dangash A, Pandya N. Estimation of scopoletin content in commercially extracted leaves of medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. using HPTLC. Int J Pharmacogn. 2019;6:273‑6.
13. Yue Y, Zeng L, Wang X, Su L, Sun M, Wu B, et al. Loading of AgNPs onto the surface of boron nitride nanosheets for determination of scopoletin in Atractylodes macrocephala. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3864.
14. Sethiya NK, Trivedi A, Mishra SH. Rapid validated high performance thin layer chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin in Canscora decussata (South Indian Shankhpushpi) extract. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2015;25:193‑8.
15. Nahata A, Sethiya NK, Jain N, Dixit VK. Analysis of scopoletin and mangiferin in botanicals and formulations of Shankhpushpi by HPLC. Herba Pol. 2018;64:54‑62.
16. Schmeda‑Hirschmann G, Jordan M, Gerth A, Hormazabal E, Tapia AA, Wilken D. Secondary metabolite content in Fabiana imbricata plants and in vitro cultures. Z Naturforsch C Biosci. 2004;59:48‑54.
17. Prats E, Bazzalo ME, León A, Jorrín JV. Fungitoxic effect of scopoletin and related coumarins on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Euphytica. 2006;147:451‑60.
18. Napiroon T, Bacher M, Balslev H, Tawaitakham K, Santimaleeworagun W, Vajrodaya S. Scopoletin from Lasianthus lucidus Blume (Rubiaceae): a potential antimicrobial against multidrug‑resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2018;8:1‑6.
19. Carpinella MC, Ferrayoli CG, Palacios SM. Antifungal synergistic effect of scopoletin, a hydroxycoumarin isolated from Melia azedarach L. fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:2922‑7.
20. Mofokeng M, Prinsloo G, Araya H, du Plooy C, Sathekge N, Amoo S, et al. Yield and metabolite production of Pelargonium sidoides DC. in response to irrigation and nitrogen management. Metabolites. 2020;10:219.
21. Rollinger JM, Hornick A, Langer T, Stuppner H, Prast H. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of scopolin and scopoletin discovered by virtual screening of natural products. J Med Chem. 2004;47:6248‑54.
22. Nowak S, Dzido TH, Soczewiński E, Wolbiś M. Quantitative determination of coumarins, flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the leaves and underground parts of some species of genus Scopolia Jacq. Acta Pol Pharm – Drug Res. 2002;59:259‑63.
23. Bekhterev VN, Malyarovskaya VI. Rapid HPLC method for scopoletine determination in Weigela leaves based on one‑step sample preparation by extractive freezing‑out. Mendeleev Commun. 2019;29:592‑4.
24. Matsumoto S, Mizutani M, Sakata K, Shimizu B‑I. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the ortho‑hydroxylases of p‑coumaroyl CoA/feruloyl CoA involved in formation of umbelliferone and scopoletin in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Phytochemistry. 2012;74:49‑57.
25. Gnonlonfin BGJ, Gbaguidi F, Gbenou JD, Sanni A, Brimer L. Changes in scopoletin concentration in cassava chips from four varieties during storage. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:2344‑7.
26. Njankouo Ndam Y, Nyegue MA, Mounjouenpou P, Kansci G, Kenfack MJ, Eugène EE. LC‑MS quantification of scopoletin in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties, local derived foods, and activity on some food spoilage fungi. J Food Process Preserv. 2020;44:e14387.
27. Parra C, Soto E, León G, Salas CO, Heinrich M, Echiburú‑Chau C. Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and isolation of scopoletin from Senecio nutans: support of ancestral and new uses. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32:719‑22.
28. Lagunas‑Herrera H, Tortoriello J, Herrera‑Ruiz M, Martínez‑Henández GB, Zamilpa A, Santamaría LA, et al. Acute and chronic antihypertensive effect of fractions, tiliroside and scopoletin from Malva parviflora. Biol Pharm Bull. 2019;42:18‑25.
29. Wan Osman WN, Lau SF, Mohamed S. Scopoletin‑standardized Morinda elliptica leaf extract suppressed inflammation and cartilage degradation to alleviate osteoarthritis: a preclinical study. Phytother Res. 2017;31:1954‑61.
30. Lewis Lujan LM, Asanga I, Bernard S, Rivera‑Castaneda EG, Gil‑Salido AA, Acosta‑Silva AL, et al. Nutritional and Phenolic composition of Morinda citrifolia L.(Noni) fruit at different ripeness stages and seasonal patterns harvested in Nayarit, Mexico. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;3:421‑9.
31. Laphookhieo S, Phungpanya C, Tantapakul C, Techa S, Tha‑in S, Narmdorkmai W. Chemical constituents from Aegle marmelos. J Braz Chem Soc. 2011;22:176‑8.
32. Vyas N, Raval M, Patel N. Quantitative estimation of scopoletin from Argyreia speciosa (L. f.) sweet by a validated high performance thin layer chromatographic method. Sep Sci Plus. 2020;3:362‑8.
33. Jamuna S, Karthika K, Paulsamy S, Thenmozhi K, Kathiravan S, Venkatesh R. Confertin and scopoletin from leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata have anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Ind Crop Prod. 2015;70:221‑30.
34. Tabana YM, Hassan LEA, Ahamed MBK, Dahham SS, Iqbal MA, Saeed MAA, et al. Scopoletin, an active principle of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) inhibits human tumor vascularization in xenograft models and modulates ERK1, VEGF‑A, and FGF‑2 in computer model. Microvasc Res. 2016;107:17‑33.
35. Ai J, Leng A, Gao X, Zhang W, Li D, Xu L, et al. HPLC determination of the eight constituents in Portulaca oleracea L. from different locations. Eur J Med Plants. 2015;5:156‑64.
36. Liu J, Feng Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang P. Rare biscoumarins and a chlorogenic acid derivative from Erycibe obtusifolia. Phytochemistry. 2007;68:1775‑80.
37. Wang S, Tang F, Yue Y, Yao X, Wei Q, Yu J. Simultaneous determination of 12 coumarins in bamboo leaves by HPLC. J AOAC Int. 2013;96:942‑6.
38. Fu C, Yu P, Wang M, Qiu F. Phytochemical analysis and geographic assessment of flavonoids, coumarins and sesquiterpenes in Artemisia annua L. based on HPLC‑DAD quantification and LC‑ESI‑QTOF‑MS/MS confirmation. Food Chem. 2020;312:126070.
39. Choi BR, Kumar SK, Zhao C, Zhang LT, Kim CY, Lee SW, et al. Additive effects of Artemisia capillaris extract and scopoletin on the relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Int J Impot Res. 2015;27:225‑32.
40. Liu T, Li XG, Wang JY, Liu DL, Wei YJ. Time‑resolved fluorescence and chemometrics‑assisted excitation–emission fluorescence for qualitative and quantitative analysis of scopoletin and scopolin in Erycibe obtusifolia Benth. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019;219:96‑103.
41. Usman H, Ullah MA, Jan H, Siddiquah A, Drouet S, Anjum S, et al. Interactive effects of wide‑spectrum monochromatic lights on phytochemical production, antioxidant and biological activities of Solanum xanthocarpum callus cultures. Molecules. 2020;25:2201. Wang L, Wu HL, Yin XL, Hu Y, Gu HW, Yu RQ. Simultaneous determination of umbelliferone and scopoletin in Tibetan medicine Saussurea laniceps and traditional Chinese medicine Radix angelicae pubescentis using excitation‑emission matrix fluorescence coupled with second‑order calibration method. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2017;170:104‑10.
42. Li W, Lin Y, Wang Y, Hong B. Development of a matrix solid‑phase dispersion extraction combined with UPLC/Q‑TOF‑MS for determination of phenolics and terpenoids from the Euphorbia fischeriana. Molecules. 2017;22:1524.
43. Matsui T, et al. Inhibitory effect of scopoletin on α‑glucosidase and its mechanism. J Med Food. 2009;12(6):1361‑5.
44. Miyazaki T, Nagaoka M. Scopoletin: A natural product with potential therapeutic effects. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(5):887‑92.
45. Guan H, et al. Inhibition of α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase activities by scopoletin: Implications for diabetes management. J Med Food. 2013;16(12):1071‑8.
46. Cai X, et al. Scopoletin inhibits α‑amylase activity: An in vitro study. Food Chem. 2017;220:391‑7.
47. Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Genesis Publishing; 1925.
48. Zhang Z, et al. Analysis of enzyme inhibition using a dose‑response model. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2010;25(1):1‑6.
49. Khan MA, et al. Competitive inhibition of carbohydrate‑hydrolyzing enzymes by scopoletin: Mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic applications. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):123.
50. Huang Y, et al. Scopoletin as a potent inhibitor of α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase: Insights into its mechanism of action. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(35):9677‑85.
Published
25/09/2025
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How to Cite
N, D., K. B. M, R. G, S. G, S. V, and M. B.P. “A Review about Invitro Anti-Diabetic Activity of Scopoletin”. International Journal of Health Care and Biological Sciences, Vol. 6, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 24-29, doi:10.46795/ijhcbs.v6i3.735.
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