International Journal of Health care and Biological Sciences

AN OVERVIEW OF BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN MODERN THERAPEUTICS

Anitha Kosuri — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Buccal Drug Delivery System (BDDS) has emerged as an effective alternative to conventional oral drug administration, particularly for drugs undergoing extensive first-pass metabolism and gastrointestinal degradation. Buccal delivery involves the administration of drugs through the buccal mucosa lining the inner cheek, enabling direct entry into systemic circulation. This route enhances bioavailability, reduces dose requirements, and provides rapid onset of action. The buccal mucosa is highly vascularized and easily accessible, making it suitable for both local and systemic drug delivery. BDDS utilizes bioadhesive polymers to prolong residence time at the site of absorption, thereby improving drug permeability and therapeutic efficacy.

DEFINE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMART DRUG TROUGH QUALITY BY DESIGN

Venkateswarlu Kothagorla — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0530

The newest approach in pharmaceutical production linked to quality is called Quality by Design to guarantee that premium-grade pharmaceuticals are produced, Pharmaceutical Quality by Design, or is discussed in this article. A description of Quality by Design is provided along with a list of its constituent parts. Every unit activity has its own set of quality metrics. The use of Quality by Design and its associated measures can yield significant benefits for pharmaceutical goods. The foundation of pharmaceutical R&D is high-quality drugs and the procedures used in their production. A product's quality cannot be easily verified because this paper just summarises the product's quality profile and the most important components of Quality by Design. Quality by design and end-product testing are two ways to compare the quality of various goods. Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines apply to the development of medications and the application of quality control methods. The research and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals might profit from Quality by Design As the product develops and is designed, it is crucial to determine the desired product performance report under these ideas. The TPP, QTPP, and CQA stand for target product profile.

NANO ENABLED ORAL INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION

Pavani Mandadi — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Oral delivery of insulin remains a long-standing challenge due to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, poor epithelial permeability, and rapid first-pass metabolism, resulting in extremely low bioavailability. Nano-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to overcome these physiological barriers and improve patient compliance compared to subcutaneous injections. This review highlights recent advances in oral insulin nano-systems, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano emulsions, micelles, dendrimers, and inorganic nanocarriers. These systems protect insulin from gastric degradation, enhance mucosal adhesion, facilitate transcellular or paracellular transport, and enable controlled release. Surface functionalization with targeting ligands, mucoadhesive polymers, and enzyme inhibitors further improves intestinal absorption and stability. Smart glucose-responsive nanocarriers capable of self-regulated insulin release are also gaining attention for achieving near-physiological glycemic control. Preclinical studies demonstrate improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced bioavailability, and significant hypoglycemic effects; though challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, long-term safety, and regulatory approval remain. Overall, oral insulin nano-delivery platforms represent a transformative approach toward non-invasive diabetes management, offering the potential for better therapeutic outcomes, improved patient adherence, and enhanced quality of life. Continued optimization and clinical translation are essential to realize their full potential in routine diabetes care.

CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Hemanth Mandla — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Chrono pharmacology is a field studying the interaction between biological rhythms, like the circadian rhythm, and the pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (how drugs affect the body) of medications. It emphasizes aligning medicine administration with the body's natural cycles to ameliorate remedial issues and reduce side effects. Circadian rhythms influence drug behaviour and impact systems like the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, affecting drug effectiveness. For example, antihypertensive medications may work better when taken at night, and chemotherapy may be more effective when timed with tumour cell growth cycles. Antidiabetic medicines also show better results when aligned with insulin production. Chrono pharmacology aims to optimize drug treatment by considering the timing of administration, enhancing benefits while minimizing side effects. This approach, known as chronotherapy, is gaining interest in personalized medicine, which tailors treatment plans to individual circadian rhythms, age, and lifestyle. Though promising, chrono pharmacology is still developing. further exploration is required to understand its mechanisms and upgrade clinical guidelines for precise medicine timing, with the eventuality to revise treatment and give safer, more effective curatives.

PATIENT-CENTRIC PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING USING 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES

Uma Maheswari Mekala — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also called as additive manufacturing, is a transformative technology that utilizes computer-aided design (CAD) software and digital programming to create three-dimensional objects through the precise layer-by-layer deposition or solidification of materials. In pharmaceutical applications, medicinal substances are planned in a three-dimensional format using CAD systems and converted into machine-readable files. These files define the external geometry of the dosage form, which is then digitally separated into printable layers and manufactured sequentially by the printer.