International Journal of Health Care and Biological Sciences

A review on urinary tract infection on pediatric and womens health

Thrisharika U — 2025-02-10

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting pediatric and women's health, with significant implications for morbidity, healthcare burden, and quality of life. This review aims to explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention of UTIs in these two vulnerable populations. In pediatric patients, UTIs are often associated with anatomical abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, and immature immune systems, leading to recurrent infections and potential renal damage. In women, UTIs are highly prevalent due to anatomical and physiological factors, such as a shorter urethra, hormonal influences, and pregnancy-related changes, which increase susceptibility. The review highlights diagnostic challenges, including nonspecific symptoms in infants and the risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy, which requires careful screening. Advances in diagnostic tools, including rapid urinalysis techniques and molecular methods, are discussed alongside traditional culture-based approaches. Treatment strategies emphasize the importance of antibiotic stewardship to combat rising antimicrobial resistance, focusing on individualized therapy and non-antibiotic alternatives, such as probiotics and D-mannose. Preventive measures, including lifestyle modifications, immunoprophylaxis, and vaccination, are also explored .This review underscores the need for multidisciplinary approaches to address the unique challenges faced by pediatric and female populations. Enhanced awareness, early diagnosis, and evidence-based management are critical for improving outcomes and reducing complications, such as chronic kidney disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Future research should focus on personalized medicine, novel therapeutics, and preventive strategies.

A review of pharmacognostic and pharmacological study on vaccinium cyanococcus

Madhu Sudhan S — 2025-02-16

The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae Sub-family. (1) The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry. Several studies highlight that the consumption of Vaccinium spp. presents numerous beneficial health-related outcomes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects against diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. These plants’ prevalence and commercial value have enhanced in the past several years; thus, the generated by-products have also increased. Consequently, the identified phenolic compounds found in the main bioactive compounds identified in this genus belong to anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvidin, and delphinidin), flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin), phenolic acids (gallic, p-Coumaric, cinnamic, syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), and iridoids.their beneficial effects on vascular and glucoregulatory function. Blueberry phytochemicals may affect gastrointestinal microflora and contribute to host health. These aspects have implications in degenerative diseases and conditions as well as the aging process. to better understand the potential for anthocyanin-rich blueberries to benefit public health.

Management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A systematic review

Ajeet Pal Singh — 2025-02-22

A clinical condition known as Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) develops in people with chronic alcohol use disorder (AUD) when their alcohol consumption is reduced or stopped. From minor discomfort to serious, life-threatening complications like seizures and delirium tremens, the syndrome can present with a wide range of symptoms. AWS's pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, management approaches, and prevention are all intended to be thoroughly covered in this review. It also looks at new developments in therapy and how tailored care can help patients get better results.

A systematic review on chronic respiratory infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Saranya K — 2025-03-15

Chronic infections are associated with exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The major objective of the management of these patients is the prevention and effective treatment of exacerbations. Patients that have increased sputum production, associated with purulence and worsening shortness of breath, are the ones that will benefit from antibiotic therapy. It is important to give the appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent treatment failure, relapse, and the emergence of resistant pathogens. In some patients, systemic corticosteroids are also indicated to improve symptoms. In order to identify which patients are more likely to benefit from these therapies, clinical guidelines recommend stratifying patients based on their risk factor associated with poor outcome or recurrence. It has been identified that patients with more severe disease, recurrent infection and presence of purulent sputum are the ones that will be more likely to benefit from this therapy. There is a need to design long-term studies to evaluate these interventions in the natural history of the disease. The purpose of this publication is to review our understanding of the role of bacterial infection in patients with COPD exacerbation, the role of antibiotics, and future interventions.