A review on urinary tract infection on pediatric and womens health

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting pediatric and women's health, with significant implications for morbidity, healthcare burden, and quality of life. This review aims to explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention of UTIs in these two vulnerable populations. In pediatric patients, UTIs are often associated with anatomical abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, and immature immune systems, leading to recurrent infections and potential renal damage. In women, UTIs are highly prevalent due to anatomical and physiological factors, such as a shorter urethra, hormonal influences, and pregnancy-related changes, which increase susceptibility. The review highlights diagnostic challenges, including nonspecific symptoms in infants and the risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy, which requires careful screening. Advances in diagnostic tools, including rapid urinalysis techniques and molecular methods, are discussed alongside traditional culture-based approaches. Treatment strategies emphasize the importance of antibiotic stewardship to combat rising antimicrobial resistance, focusing on individualized therapy and non-antibiotic alternatives, such as probiotics and D-mannose. Preventive measures, including lifestyle modifications, immunoprophylaxis, and vaccination, are also explored .This review underscores the need for multidisciplinary approaches to address the unique challenges faced by pediatric and female populations. Enhanced awareness, early diagnosis, and evidence-based management are critical for improving outcomes and reducing complications, such as chronic kidney disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Future research should focus on personalized medicine, novel therapeutics, and preventive strategies.