A critical study and a review perspective of ayush
Abstract
AYUSH, encompassing Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy, represents a holistic healthcare paradigm rooted in India’s rich cultural and medical heritage. This review critically examines the evolution, philosophical foundations, and modern institutionalization of AYUSH systems, tracing their journey from Vedic origins to contemporary national and global recognition. Key areas explored include comparative diagnostics, therapeutic approaches, integrative healthcare models, and personalized medicine strategies, highlighting the convergence of traditional wisdom with evidence-based practice. The article also evaluates research and development initiatives, policy frameworks such as the National AYUSH Mission, and the integration of AYUSH services into primary healthcare. Challenges such as limited clinical validation, quality control, and global standardization are analyzed alongside opportunities in wellness promotion, preventive health, and international collaborations. By synthesizing historical, philosophical, clinical, and policy perspectives, this review underscores the potential of AYUSH to contribute meaningfully to preventive, personalized, and integrative healthcare. The study emphasizes that the future advancement of AYUSH depends on strategic research, rigorous validation, and informed policy support, positioning it as a vital bridge between ancient medical wisdom and modern scientific innovation.
Keywords:
Ayush, Ayurveda, Yoga, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Integrative Medicine, Holistic Health, Traditional Medicine, Evidence-Based Practice, Personalized Medicine, National Ayush Mission
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References
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12. Rahman A. The Unani system of medicine: Historical and contemporary perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(3):789–798.
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19. World Health Organization, Ministry of AYUSH. Benchmark for Training in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Medicine. Geneva: WHO; 2020.
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21. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005;2(4):465–473.
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25. Pandian A, Thirunarayanan T. Conceptual framework of Siddha system of medicine. J Res Siddha Med. 2016;1(1):1–10.
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30. Patwardhan B, Mutalik G, Tillu G. Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga. Academic Press; 2015.
31. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Ayurvedic diagnostic principles: An overview. Ayu. 2011;32(2):146–151.
32. Pandian A, Thirunarayanan T. Diagnostic principles of Siddha medicine: A comprehensive review. J Res Siddha Med. 2018;2(1):10–15.
33. Ahmed S, Rahman A. The Unani system of medicine: Overview and contemporary relevance. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:273–284.
34. Bell IR, Koithan M, Brooks AJ. Homeopathy and systems biology: An integrative perspective. Integr Med Insights. 2012;7:13–22.
35. Chandana Pasupuleti, Chimata manisha, Suraj choudhary, Singaram neeraj, Eerankadi Anusha, Sakil ahammed mullah, & Mohd ubaid ullah khan (n.d.). Utilising the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves Garcinia Cambogia and Commiphora Mukul Herbal Pills Prepared for Treating Anti-Obesity Effects. Int. J.Exp. Biomed. Res. 2023: 2(1), 33-40
36. Rastogi S, Chiappelli F, Ramalingam K. Integrative approaches in chronic disease management: Role of AYUSH systems. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):1–6.
37. Bhattacharya SK, Pandey US. Ayurvedic interventions in metabolic disorders: Evidence and clinical outcomes. Ayu. 2020;41(3):155–162.
38. Telles S, Singh N. Yoga for lifestyle disorders: A public health perspective. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(2):102–108.
39. Streeter CC, Gerbarg PL, Saper RB, et al. Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system and mental health. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:117.
40. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH for Immunity: Advisory during COVID-19. Government of India; 2020.
41. Government of India. National AYUSH Mission: Operational Guidelines 2014–15. Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi.
42. NITI Aayog. Mainstreaming AYUSH under Ayushman Bharat. New Delhi; 2021.
43. World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.
44. WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine. Standards for Herbal Pharmacopoeia Development. Jamnagar; 2020.
45. WHO–GCTM. Global Centre for Traditional Medicine: Vision and Roadmap. WHO and Ministry of AYUSH; 2022.
46. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Research Councils Overview. Government of India, New Delhi; 2021.
47. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS). Clinical Evaluation of AYUSH-64 in COVID-19 Management. New Delhi; 2021.
48. Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS). Scientific Validation of KabasuraKudineer Formulation. Chennai; 2020.
49. Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM). Annual Research Report 2020–21. Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi; 2021.
50. Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy (CCRYN). Yoga-based Interventions for Non-communicable Diseases. New Delhi; 2019.
51. Patwardhan B, Mashelkar RA. Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: Can Ayurveda show the way forward? Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(5):757–765.
52. Valiathan MS. The Legacy of Caraka. Hyderabad: Universities Press; 2017.
53. Rastogi S. Building research evidence for traditional medicine: Methodological challenges. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):5–8.
54. WHO. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
55. Ministry of AYUSH. Pharmacovigilance Programme for AYUSH Drugs: Annual Report 2022–23. Government of India, New Delhi.
56. Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Curr Sci. 2004;86(6):789–799.
57. Ministry of AYUSH. Guidelines for Co-location of AYUSH Facilities in Primary and District Health Centres. Government of India, New Delhi; 2018.
58. All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA). Annual Report on Integrative Medicine Initiatives. New Delhi; 2022.
59. Saper RB, Levine SA, Telles S. Ethical and methodological challenges in integrative medicine research. J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(11):987–994.
60. World Health Organization. Benchmarks for Training in Traditional/Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021.
61. Ministry of AYUSH. Integrative Health Research Guidelines. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
62. Patwardhan B. Role of pharmacists in Ayurveda and traditional medicine. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(1):10–14.
63. Sharma H. Pharmaceutical aspects and formulation approaches of AYUSH medicines. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2012;3(2):45–50.
64. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Pharmacovigilance Programme: Annual Report 2022–23. Government of India, New Delhi.
65. CCRAS. Good Practices in Ayurveda Pharmacy and Patient Counselling. New Delhi; 2022.
66. CCRAS. Ayurveda: Personalized Medicine Approach. New Delhi; 2022.
67. CCRS. Siddha Healing and Individualized Therapies. Chennai; 2022.
68. CCRH. Individualized Homeopathy Treatments. New Delhi; 2022.
69. Patwardhan B, et al. Integrating AYUSH and modern personalized medicine: Opportunities and challenges. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
70. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Strengthening the quality of research in traditional medicine. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023;14(1):1–8.
71. Sharma H. Pharmaceutical aspects and quality assurance in AYUSH formulations. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2012;3(2):45–50.
72. WHO. Benchmarks for Training in Traditional/Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021.
73. Patwardhan B, et al. Innovations and growth perspectives in AYUSH sector. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci. 2023;8(2):34–42.
74. Ministry of AYUSH. National AYUSH Mission: Policy Guidelines and Future Directions. Government of India, New Delhi; 2022.
75. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Grid and AYUSH Sanjivani Digital Initiatives. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
76. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Opportunities and challenges for AYUSH in the global market. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
77. Ministry of AYUSH. Digital Initiatives and Data Repositories in AYUSH: AYUSH Grid and Sanjivani. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
78. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Opportunities and challenges for AYUSH in the global market. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
79. Sharma H, et al. Integrative research strategies for traditional medicine: AI and digital frameworks. International Journal.
2. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Ayurvedic concept of health and disease: A critical appraisal. Ayu. 2013;34(1):16–20.
3. Patwardhan B, Mutalik G, Tillu G. Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga. Academic Press; 2015.
4. Gogtay NJ, Bhatt HA, Dalvi SS, Kshirsagar NA. The use and safety of non-allopathic Indian medicines. Drug Saf. 2002;25(14):1005–1019.
5. Ministry of AYUSH. National AYUSH Mission Guidelines (2021–22). New Delhi: Government of India; 2021.
6. World Health Organization. WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
7. Mukherjee PK, Bahadur S, Chaudhary AK, et al. Exploring safety and efficacy of herbal medicine: Integrating traditional evidence and modern science. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:893.
8. Patwardhan B. Bridging Ayurveda with evidence-based scientific approaches in medicine. EPMA J. 2014;5(1):19.
9. Sharma PV. History of Medicine in India: With Emphasis on Ayurveda. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy; 1992.
10. Dash B, Sharma R. Charaka Samhita: Text with English Translation & Critical Notes. Varanasi: Chowkhamba; 2006.
11. Thirunarayanan T. The Siddha system of medicine: An overview. Indian J TraditKnowl. 2007;6(1):1–8.
12. Rahman A. The Unani system of medicine: Historical and contemporary perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(3):789–798.
13. Banerjee D. History and development of homeopathy in India. Indian J Hist Sci. 2010;45(1):135–148.
14. Telles S, Singh N. Science of yoga: Understanding its philosophy and practice. Int J Yoga. 2013;6(1):1–3.
15. Bhore Committee Report. Health Survey and Development Committee Report. Government of India; 1946.
16. Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy. Annual Report 1995–96. New Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; 1996.
17. Ministry of AYUSH. Notification: Formation of the Ministry of AYUSH. Gazette of India, Extraordinary. New Delhi: Government of India; 2014.
18. National AYUSH Mission. Operational Guidelines 2014–2022. Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India; 2022.
19. World Health Organization, Ministry of AYUSH. Benchmark for Training in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Medicine. Geneva: WHO; 2020.
20. Patwardhan B, Mashelkar RA. Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: Can Ayurveda show the way forward? Drug Discov Today. 2009;14(15–16):804–811.
21. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005;2(4):465–473.
22. Sharma R, Dash B. Charaka Samhita: Text with English Translation & Critical Notes, Vol. 1. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series; 2006.
23. Tillu G, Pathak R, Bhatt N, Patwardhan B. Ayurveda fundamentals and their utility in COVID-19 pandemic. Phytomedicine. 2020;79:153337.
24. B Archana, Yallapragada Sahithi Sri Charani, Umama sofia, Salwa Fatima, Tihama khair unnisa, and Rubeena. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Genus Phellodendron (Cork Tree) Barks. Future J. Pharm. Health. Sci. 2024; 4,(4): 59-65.
25. Pandian A, Thirunarayanan T. Conceptual framework of Siddha system of medicine. J Res Siddha Med. 2016;1(1):1–10.
26. Rahman A. The concept of temperament (Mizaj) in Unani system of medicine. Indian J TraditKnowl. 2011;10(4):687–692.
27. K.V. Swathi Krishna, Pillipogu Thulasi, Samala Vasantha, Odibilla Hemavathi, Shaik Afila Bhanu, Sanyasi Saranya Priya, Yashwanthi.R, & M.Nadeem Jaan (n.d.). Sirenomelia - mermaid syndrome, its types and causes. Int. J. of Clin. Pharm. Med. Sci. 2024; 4(4), 33-37
28. Telles S, Singh N. Science of yoga and its applications in health and disease. Int J Yoga. 2013;6(1):1–7.
29. Mukherjee PK, Harwansh RK, Bahadur S. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacology: Surmounting the challenges. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:895.
30. Patwardhan B, Mutalik G, Tillu G. Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga. Academic Press; 2015.
31. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Ayurvedic diagnostic principles: An overview. Ayu. 2011;32(2):146–151.
32. Pandian A, Thirunarayanan T. Diagnostic principles of Siddha medicine: A comprehensive review. J Res Siddha Med. 2018;2(1):10–15.
33. Ahmed S, Rahman A. The Unani system of medicine: Overview and contemporary relevance. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:273–284.
34. Bell IR, Koithan M, Brooks AJ. Homeopathy and systems biology: An integrative perspective. Integr Med Insights. 2012;7:13–22.
35. Chandana Pasupuleti, Chimata manisha, Suraj choudhary, Singaram neeraj, Eerankadi Anusha, Sakil ahammed mullah, & Mohd ubaid ullah khan (n.d.). Utilising the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves Garcinia Cambogia and Commiphora Mukul Herbal Pills Prepared for Treating Anti-Obesity Effects. Int. J.Exp. Biomed. Res. 2023: 2(1), 33-40
36. Rastogi S, Chiappelli F, Ramalingam K. Integrative approaches in chronic disease management: Role of AYUSH systems. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):1–6.
37. Bhattacharya SK, Pandey US. Ayurvedic interventions in metabolic disorders: Evidence and clinical outcomes. Ayu. 2020;41(3):155–162.
38. Telles S, Singh N. Yoga for lifestyle disorders: A public health perspective. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(2):102–108.
39. Streeter CC, Gerbarg PL, Saper RB, et al. Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system and mental health. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:117.
40. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH for Immunity: Advisory during COVID-19. Government of India; 2020.
41. Government of India. National AYUSH Mission: Operational Guidelines 2014–15. Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi.
42. NITI Aayog. Mainstreaming AYUSH under Ayushman Bharat. New Delhi; 2021.
43. World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.
44. WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine. Standards for Herbal Pharmacopoeia Development. Jamnagar; 2020.
45. WHO–GCTM. Global Centre for Traditional Medicine: Vision and Roadmap. WHO and Ministry of AYUSH; 2022.
46. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Research Councils Overview. Government of India, New Delhi; 2021.
47. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS). Clinical Evaluation of AYUSH-64 in COVID-19 Management. New Delhi; 2021.
48. Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS). Scientific Validation of KabasuraKudineer Formulation. Chennai; 2020.
49. Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM). Annual Research Report 2020–21. Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi; 2021.
50. Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy (CCRYN). Yoga-based Interventions for Non-communicable Diseases. New Delhi; 2019.
51. Patwardhan B, Mashelkar RA. Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: Can Ayurveda show the way forward? Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(5):757–765.
52. Valiathan MS. The Legacy of Caraka. Hyderabad: Universities Press; 2017.
53. Rastogi S. Building research evidence for traditional medicine: Methodological challenges. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):5–8.
54. WHO. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
55. Ministry of AYUSH. Pharmacovigilance Programme for AYUSH Drugs: Annual Report 2022–23. Government of India, New Delhi.
56. Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Curr Sci. 2004;86(6):789–799.
57. Ministry of AYUSH. Guidelines for Co-location of AYUSH Facilities in Primary and District Health Centres. Government of India, New Delhi; 2018.
58. All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA). Annual Report on Integrative Medicine Initiatives. New Delhi; 2022.
59. Saper RB, Levine SA, Telles S. Ethical and methodological challenges in integrative medicine research. J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(11):987–994.
60. World Health Organization. Benchmarks for Training in Traditional/Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021.
61. Ministry of AYUSH. Integrative Health Research Guidelines. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
62. Patwardhan B. Role of pharmacists in Ayurveda and traditional medicine. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(1):10–14.
63. Sharma H. Pharmaceutical aspects and formulation approaches of AYUSH medicines. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2012;3(2):45–50.
64. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Pharmacovigilance Programme: Annual Report 2022–23. Government of India, New Delhi.
65. CCRAS. Good Practices in Ayurveda Pharmacy and Patient Counselling. New Delhi; 2022.
66. CCRAS. Ayurveda: Personalized Medicine Approach. New Delhi; 2022.
67. CCRS. Siddha Healing and Individualized Therapies. Chennai; 2022.
68. CCRH. Individualized Homeopathy Treatments. New Delhi; 2022.
69. Patwardhan B, et al. Integrating AYUSH and modern personalized medicine: Opportunities and challenges. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
70. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Strengthening the quality of research in traditional medicine. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023;14(1):1–8.
71. Sharma H. Pharmaceutical aspects and quality assurance in AYUSH formulations. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2012;3(2):45–50.
72. WHO. Benchmarks for Training in Traditional/Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021.
73. Patwardhan B, et al. Innovations and growth perspectives in AYUSH sector. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci. 2023;8(2):34–42.
74. Ministry of AYUSH. National AYUSH Mission: Policy Guidelines and Future Directions. Government of India, New Delhi; 2022.
75. Ministry of AYUSH. AYUSH Grid and AYUSH Sanjivani Digital Initiatives. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
76. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Opportunities and challenges for AYUSH in the global market. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
77. Ministry of AYUSH. Digital Initiatives and Data Repositories in AYUSH: AYUSH Grid and Sanjivani. Government of India, New Delhi; 2023.
78. Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Opportunities and challenges for AYUSH in the global market. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(4):219–224.
79. Sharma H, et al. Integrative research strategies for traditional medicine: AI and digital frameworks. International Journal.
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05/12/2025
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Tallapaka, M., H. Nalisetty, S. Monapati, and P. Yadala. “A Critical Study and a Review Perspective of Ayush”. International Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 6, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 26-38, doi:10.46797/ijacm.v6i2.789.
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