A Review on Phytosomes: Novel Approaches for Herbal Drug Delivery

Abstract

Phytosomes represent a modern and innovative herbal drug delivery system specifically designed to overcome the limitations associated with conventional plant-based formulations. Many bioactive phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, exhibit poor lipid solubility and relatively large molecular size, which significantly restricts their absorption through biological membranes. As a result, their therapeutic potential often remains underutilized despite strong pharmacological activity. To address this challenge, phytosome technology was developed, wherein plant-derived active compounds are complexed with phospholipids, most commonly phosphatidylcholine. This unique complexation process enhances the lipophilicity of the phytoconstituents, thereby improving their stability, membrane permeability, and overall bioavailability. The preparation of phytosomes can be achieved through several methods, including solvent evaporation, anti‑solvent precipitation, and thin film hydration techniques. Each method ensures effective binding between the phytoconstituent and phospholipid, resulting in a stable molecular complex. Phytosomes offer multiple advantages such as improved absorption, reduced dosage requirements, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and better patient compliance. However, certain limitations exist, including higher production costs and variability in entapment efficiency depending on the nature of the plant extract. Applications of phytosomes span across diverse therapeutic areas. They are widely utilized in hepatoprotective formulations (e.g., silybin from milk thistle), anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant therapies (curcumin, green tea catechins), cardiovascular support (ginkgo biloba), dermatological preparations, and even as adjuncts in cancer prevention. Their role in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals continues to expand, making phytosomes a promising platform for the effective delivery of herbal medicines. In summary, phytosomes bridge the gap between traditional herbal remedies and modern pharmaceutical technology, offering a scientifically validated approach to maximize the clinical benefits of plant-derived compounds.