Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cannabis sativa L.
Abstract
Plants have always been a common source of medicaments, either in the form of traditional preparations or as pure active principles. The Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) has a long history as a recreational drug, but also as part of traditional medicine in many cultures. The cannabis plant and products thereof (such as marijuana, hashish and hash oil) have a long history of use both as a medicinal agent and intoxicant. Over the last few years there have been an active debate regarding the medicinal aspects of cannabis. It contains about 60 different cannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, dronabinol), cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol and cannabichromene. Its therapeutic potential is still in the area of muscle relaxation and cannabinoids are currently advocated for the treatment of anorexia, bronchial asthma, epilepsy, glaucoma, hypertension, muscle spasticity, nausea, vomiting and pain. There are two cannabinoids currently licensed for medicinal use. The first is THC (Marinol) which is made synthetically and licensed in the USA for the treatment of nausea following cancer chemotherapy and appetite enhancement in patients with AIDS. The second is nabilone, which is a completely synthetically derived cannabinoid. It is licensed in the UK for the treatment of nausea caused by chemotherapy. A third synthetic cannabinoid, dexanabinol, is in phase III clinical trials. Cannabis medicinal use and much research still need to be undertaken to provide patients with a medicine that is safe, efficacious and of the appropriate quality.
Keywords: , ., , ,
Keywords:
Cannabis plant, Cannabis sativa L, Cannabinoids, Phytochemical profile, Pharmacological profile
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References
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35. Consroe P, Sandyk R. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders. In: Murphy, L., Bartke, A. (Eds.), Marijuana/Cannabinoids: Neurobiology and Neurophysiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1992: 459-524.
36. Iversen L. Chapter 4: medical uses of marijuana. Fact or fantasy? In: Iversen, L. (Ed.), The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000: 121-175.
37. Duran M, Laporte JR, Capella D. Novedades sobre las potencialidades terapeuticas del cannabis y el sistema cannabinoide. Medicina Clinica 2004; 122: 390-398.
38. Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23: 397-401.
39. Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes JR. Effect of benzopyranoperidine a Δ9-THC congener, on pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 223–227.
40. Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1757-1762.
41. Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon G, Smith G. Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 320S–326S.
42. Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 50-52.
2. Ben AM, Leonard L. Chapter 16: Cannabis. In: Leonard, L., Ben Amar, M. (Eds.), Les Psychotropes: Pharmacologie et Toxicomanie. Les Presses de l’Universite de Montreal, Montreal, 2002: 571-627.
3. Rathbone J, Variend H, Mehta H. Cannabis and schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD004837.
4. Grotenhermen F. Cannabinoids. Curr drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2005; 4:507-530.
5. Gelder M, Mayou R, Geddes H. Psychiatry 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000.
6. Hall W, Solowij N, Lemon J. The health and psychological consequences of cannabis use. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series No 25. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service 1994.
7. Kumar RN, Chambers WA, Pertweem RG. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 1059-1068.
8. Morrision PD, Zois DA, McKeown TD, Lee DW, Powell JF. The acute effects of synthetic intravenous Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1607-1616.
9. Mechoulam R. Plant cannabinoids: A neglected pharmacological treasure trove. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146, 913-915.
10. Pertwee RG. Cannabinoid pharmacology: The first 66 years. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147, S163–S171.
11. Elsohly M, Slade D. Chemical constiutents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinods. Life Sci 2005; 78: 539-548.
12. Mechoulam R. The pharmaco history Canabis sativa. In: Mechoulam R, ed. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1986: 1-19.
13.Hawks RL. The constituents of cannabis and the disposition and metabolism of cannabinoids. NIDA Res Monogr 1982; 42: 125-137.
14. Zuarsi AW, Rodrigues JA, Cunha JM. Effects of cannabidiol in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology 1991; 104: 260-264.
15. Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Sultana GNN, Mehmedic Z, Hossain CF, Chandra S. Flavonoid glycosides and cannabinoids from the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. Phytochem Anal 2005; 16: 45-48.
16. Ross SA, ElSohly MA. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XXVIII. A review of the natural constituents: 1980– 1994. Zagazig J Pharm Sci 1995; 4: 1-10.
17. Turner CE, ElSohly MA, Boeren EG. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J Nat Prod 1980; 43: 169-234.
18. Adams R, Hunt M, Clark JH. Structure of cannabidiol, a product isolated from the marihuana extract of Minnesota wild hemp. I. J Am Chem Soc 1940; 62: 196-200.
19. Petrzilka T, Haefliger W, Sikemeier C. Synthesis of hashish components. IV. Helvetica Chimica Acta 1969; 52: 1102–1134.
20. Vollner L, Bieniek D, Korte F. Hashish. XX. Cannabidivarin, a new hashish component. Tetrahedron Lett 1969; 3: 145-147.
21. CPA. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. Canadian Pharmacists Association, Ottawa 2005: 2440.
22. Burstein SH, Karst M, Schneider U, Zurier RB. Ajulemic acid: a novel cannabinoid produces analgesia without a “high”. Life Sci 2004; 75: 1513-1522.
23. Wiley JL. Ajulemic acid. IDrugs. 2005; 8: 1002-1011.
24. Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Lane JH, Goldberg JM, Hunter SA, Burstein SH. Dimethylheptyl-THC-11 oic acid: a nonpsychoactive antiinflammatory agent with a cannabinoid template structure. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 163-170.
25. Johnson DR, Stebulis JA, Rossetti RG, Burstein SH, Zurier RB. Suppression of fibroblast metalloproteinases by ajulemic acid, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100: 184-190.
26. Parker J, Atez F, Rossetti RG, Skulas A, Patel R, Zurier RB. Suppression of human macrophage interleukin-6 by a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid. Rheumatol Int 2008; 28: 631-635.
27. Barrett ML, Gordon D, Evans FJ. Isolation from Cannabis sativa L. of cannflavin: A novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 2019-2024.
28. Barrett M L, Scutt AM, Evans FJ. Cannflavin A and B, prenylated flavones from Cannabis sativa L. Experientia 1986; 42: 452-453.
29. Ross SA, ElSohly MA. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L XXVII. A review of the natural constituents: 1980-1994. Zagazig J Pharm Sci 1995; 4: 1-10.
30. Turner CE, ElSohly MA, Boeren EG. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J Nat Prod 1980; 43: 169-234.
31. Schnelle M, Grotenhermen F, Reif M, Gorter RW. Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 1999; 6: 28-36.
32. Jordan K, Kasper C, Schmoll HJ. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: Current and new standards in the antiemetic prophylaxis and treatment. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:199-205.
33. Iversen L. Chapter 4: medical uses of marijuana. Fact or fantasy? In: Iversen, L. (Ed.), The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000: 121-175.
34. Segal M. Cannabinoids and analgesia. In: Mechoulam, R. (Ed.), Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1986: 105-120.
35. Consroe P, Sandyk R. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders. In: Murphy, L., Bartke, A. (Eds.), Marijuana/Cannabinoids: Neurobiology and Neurophysiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1992: 459-524.
36. Iversen L. Chapter 4: medical uses of marijuana. Fact or fantasy? In: Iversen, L. (Ed.), The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000: 121-175.
37. Duran M, Laporte JR, Capella D. Novedades sobre las potencialidades terapeuticas del cannabis y el sistema cannabinoide. Medicina Clinica 2004; 122: 390-398.
38. Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23: 397-401.
39. Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes JR. Effect of benzopyranoperidine a Δ9-THC congener, on pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 223–227.
40. Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1757-1762.
41. Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon G, Smith G. Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 320S–326S.
42. Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 50-52.
Published
30/04/2017
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A. K. A. Anuj Kumar Asati, H. B. S. Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo, S. S. Sandeep Sahu, and A. D. Abhishek Dwivedi, “Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cannabis sativa L.”, Int J Indig Herb Drug, pp. 37-45, Apr. 2017.
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