Journal of Case Studies and Case Reports

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Stroke

2026-09-19T19:25:19+0530

Stroke is a major neurological disorder and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs due to an interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in impaired neurological function. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the major risk factors associated with stroke among patients admitted to the Department of Neurology. A total of 60 confirmed stroke patients, diagnosed through CT or MRI, were included in the study over a period of six months. Data were collected from both inpatient and outpatient departments and analyzed based on age, gender, risk factors, and types of stroke. The study revealed that stroke incidence was higher in males compared to females. A greater proportion of cases were observed in patients above 50 years of age, indicating advancing age as a significant risk factor. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, and cardiovascular diseases were identified as the predominant risk factors. Ischemic stroke was found to be more common than hemorrhagic stroke. The analysis also showed that younger adults below 50 years were increasingly affected due to lifestyle modifications, sedentary habits, and early onset of vascular risk factors. Early identification and management of these modifiable risk factors may significantly reduce stroke occurrence and improve patient outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of preventive strategies, awareness programs, and timely interventions to minimize the burden of stroke in the community.

A Retrospective Observational Study on the Clinical Safety of Capecitabine in Cancer and Its Implications

2026-09-19T19:25:13+0530

Cancer chemotherapy is frequently associated with adverse drug reactions that may compromise treatment adherence and clinical outcomes. Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine widely used in the management of breast, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and other solid malignancies, has demonstrated favourable efficacy but is commonly associated with treatment-related toxicities. The present retrospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the clinical safety of capecitabine and its implications in routine oncology practice. The study was carried out over a period of six months at a tertiary care hospital and included 60 patients receiving capecitabine-based chemotherapy. Demographic characteristics, cancer type, capecitabine brands, adverse drug reactions, and treatment-related safety outcomes were assessed from medical records and electronic databases. Female patients constituted 68.3% of the study population, and the highest proportion of patients belonged to the 61–70-year age group. Breast cancer was the most common indication for capecitabine therapy (41 patients). Hand-foot syndrome was the most frequently reported adverse drug reaction (37 patients), followed by nausea and vomiting, mouth ulcers, alopecia, and neuritis. Female patients experienced a slightly higher incidence of hand-foot syndrome than males. The findings indicate that capecitabine is generally safe when appropriately monitored; however, early recognition and management of adverse drug reactions are essential to minimize toxicity, improve treatment adherence, and optimise therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients.

A Prospective Observational Study on Clinical Safety and Efficacy of Medications Used for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

2026-09-19T19:25:07+0530

Gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases contribute significantly to global morbidity and remain a major challenge in clinical practice. The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of medications used in the management of gastrointestinal and liver disorders in a tertiary care hospital setting. This prospective observational study included 60 patients admitted to Gleneagles Hospital, Hyderabad, over a period of six months. Patient demographics, disease characteristics, co-morbidities, social history, prescribed medications, adverse drug reactions, disease severity, and treatment outcomes were documented and analyzed. Among the study population, 44 (73.4%) were male and 16 (26.6%) were female, indicating male predominance. The majority of patients belonged to the age group of 21–30 years (23.3%), followed by 31–40 years (16.7%). Co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension were common, observed in 18 and 16 patients respectively. Social history revealed that 33 patients had habits such as smoking or alcohol consumption, which may have contributed to disease progression. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was the most frequently reported GI disorder, while hepatitis was the most common liver-related disease. Polypharmacy was observed in 45 patients receiving more than six drugs. Hospital stay was less than six days in 32 patients, reflecting favorable recovery in most cases. However, severe outcomes including life-threatening conditions and fatalities were noted in a small proportion. The findings highlight the burden of GI and liver diseases and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, rational drug therapy, and continuous monitoring of adverse drug reactions to improve clinical outcomes and patient safety.

A Prospective Observational Study Assessing Pain Management Protocols in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) Patients

2026-09-19T19:25:01+0530

Pain is one of the most common and under-recognised clinical problems among critically ill patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). Inadequate pain management may lead to prolonged hospitalisation, delayed recovery, psychological stress, and poor clinical outcomes. The present study was conducted as a prospective observational study to evaluate pain management protocols and the effectiveness of analgesic therapy in MICU patients. A total of 72 patients were included over a six-month study period. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and patients were categorised based on severity as mild, moderate, and severe pain. Demographic analysis revealed that male patients (58.33%) were more predominant than females (41.66%), with the majority belonging to the age group of 51–60 years (31.44%). Among departments, cardiology accounted for the highest proportion of pain cases (26.38%). Diabetes mellitus (33.33%) and hypertension (31.94%) were the most common co-morbidities. Mild pain was the most frequently observed category (90.27%), followed by severe pain (6.94%) and moderate pain (2.77%). Among analgesics, paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed non-opioid (37.5%), tramadol was the most used opioid (20.83%), and pregabalin was the predominant adjuvant analgesic (2.77%). Monotherapy showed better pain relief outcomes compared to dual and triple therapy. The findings suggest that non-opioid analgesics, especially paracetamol, and opioids such as tramadol are effective in pain management. Regular pain assessment and individualized therapy can significantly improve patient comfort and treatment outcomes in MICU settings.