Cardiac Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Abstract
Across the globe, one of the most common reasons for admission to emergency departments (EDs) is acute coronary syndrome, or ACS. Evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms, electrocardiographic examination, and testing of cardiac circulating biomarkers are all part of the diagnosis process for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In order to get a broad notion of the extent of muscle damage, biomarkers, which are protein molecules released into the bloodstream from cardiac muscle injured by a blocked artery, are analyzed. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) total enzyme activity tests have been used in early biomarker assessment; nevertheless, these tests have been incredibly nonspecific. the CK-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) measured in bulk as opposed to myoglobin and activity. Therefore, specific cardiac indicators are essential for detecting AMI. These markers include cardiac troponin and creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB), which are produced in myocardial cell injury. There are new biomarkers that can be used to diagnose acute coronary syndromes that are more sensitive and specific. From the earliest introduction of AST in the 1950s to the latest high-sensitivity troponin immunoassays in the 2010s, this article offers a chronology of the significant events that marked the growth of cardiac biomarker testing and the development of the related assays.
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