Kleine-levin syndrome (kls)-a review

Abstract

Kleine-Levin Syndrome is a rare sleep disease characterized by relapsing episodes of hypersomnia interconnected with behavioral and cognitive disorders along with hyperphagia and hypersexuality. This disease occurs more often in young male adolescents. The diagnosis was clinical, primarily based on the nosologic distinction of non-identical forms of recurrent hypersomnia. The brief duration of KLS varies from 7 days to 2 months and the people affected are completely asymptomatic between episodes but during episodes, electroencephalography shows diffuse or local slow activity. Investigations for KLS comprise of medical history, magnetic resonance imaging, polysomnography, 24- hours time profile of growth hormone, melatonin, TSH, and cortisol. The Pathophysiology of this sleeping beauty syndrome is based on Neuropathological examinations, cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 monitoring, clinical patterns, and neuroimaging. Imaging of brain function reveals the hypoactivity in thalamic and hypothalamic regions and imaging along with the cognitive capacity evaluation gives insights into neurobiological mechanisms of KLS. No effective treatment, as well as indefinite pathology, has been identified even though the illness is having clearly defined clinical features but some medications like stimulants and mood stabilizers can be beneficial in the treatment of severe cases.